Abstract
Cytokinins may reflect soil water status and regulate rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain filling. This study investigated the changes in cytokinin levels in rice plants and their relations with grain filling under alternate wetting and drying irrigation. Two 'super' rice cultivars were field grown. Three irrigation regimes, alternate wetting and moderate soil drying (WMD), alternate wetting and severe soil drying (WSD), and conventional irrigation (CI, continuously flooded), were imposed after flowering. No significant differences in grain-filling rate, grain weight, and cytokinin content were observed for the earlier-flowering superior spikelets among the three irrigation regimes. For the later-flowering inferior spikelets, however, their grain-filling rate and grain weight were significantly increased in the WMD and significantly reduced in the WSD when compared with those in the CI. Cytokinin contents in shoots (inferior spikelets and the flag leaves) in the WMD at the soil drying time were comparable with those in the CI, but they were significantly increased when plants were rewatered. The WSD significantly reduced cytokinin contents in the shoot either during soil drying or during the rewatering period. Cytokinin contents in roots showed no significant difference between the WMD and CI regimes. The WSD increased trans-zeatin-type cytokinins, whereas it reduced isopentenyladenine-type cytokinins, in roots. Grain-filling rate and grain weight of inferior spikelets were very significantly correlated with cytokinin contents in these spikelets. The results suggest that a post-anthesis WMD holds great promise to improve grain filling of inferior spikelets through elevating cytokinin levels in the rice shoot.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Among the three irrigation regimes, grain-filling rate, grain weight and cytokinin content of the earlier-flowering superior spikelets showed no significant differences.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Material
- 'super' rice cultivarse0
- Organ / stage
- earlier-flowering superior spikeletse1
- Treatment
- three irrigation regimese1
- Outcome
- grain-filling rate, grain weight, and cytokinin contente1
- Direction
- No significant differencese1
- Comparator
- among the three irrigation regimese1
- Setting
- fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two 'super' rice cultivars were field grown”
e1“No significant differences in grain-filling rate, grain weight, and cytokinin content were observed for the earlier-flowering superior spikelets among the three irrigation regimes”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternate wetting and moderate soil drying significantly increased grain-filling rate and grain weight of later-flowering inferior spikelets compared with conventional irrigation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Organ / stage
- later-flowering inferior spikeletse1
- Treatment
- alternate wetting and moderate soil drying (WMD)e0
- Outcome
- grain-filling rate and grain weighte1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- CIe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alternate wetting and moderate soil drying (WMD)”
e1“For the later-flowering inferior spikelets, however, their grain-filling rate and grain weight were significantly increased in the WMD and significantly reduced in the WSD when compared with those in the CI”
e2“Cytokinins may reflect soil water status and regulate rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain filling”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternate wetting and severe soil drying significantly reduced grain-filling rate and grain weight of later-flowering inferior spikelets compared with conventional irrigation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Organ / stage
- later-flowering inferior spikeletse1
- Treatment
- alternate wetting and severe soil drying (WSD)e0
- Outcome
- grain-filling rate and grain weighte1
- Direction
- significantly reducede1
- Comparator
- CIe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alternate wetting and severe soil drying (WSD)”
e1“For the later-flowering inferior spikelets, however, their grain-filling rate and grain weight were significantly increased in the WMD and significantly reduced in the WSD when compared with those in the CI”
e2“Cytokinins may reflect soil water status and regulate rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain filling”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot cytokinin contents under WMD were comparable with conventional irrigation at the soil drying time.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Treatment
- WMDe0
- Outcome
- Cytokinin contents in shootse0
- Direction
- comparablee0
- Comparator
- CIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cytokinin contents in shoots (inferior spikelets and the flag leaves) in the WMD at the soil drying time were comparable with those in the CI”
e1“Cytokinins may reflect soil water status and regulate rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain filling”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot cytokinin contents under WMD were significantly increased when plants were rewatered.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Treatment
- WMDe0
- Outcome
- Cytokinin contents in shootse0
- Direction
- significantly increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cytokinin contents in shoots (inferior spikelets and the flag leaves) in the WMD at the soil drying time were comparable with those in the CI, but they were significantly increased when plants were rewatered”
e1“Cytokinins may reflect soil water status and regulate rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain filling”
Claim · model-written summary
Root cytokinin contents showed no significant difference between WMD and conventional irrigation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- WMDe0
- Outcome
- Cytokinin contents in rootse0
- Direction
- no significant differencee0
- Comparator
- CIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cytokinin contents in roots showed no significant difference between the WMD and CI regimes”
e1“Cytokinins may reflect soil water status and regulate rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain filling”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternate wetting and severe soil drying significantly reduced shoot cytokinin contents during soil drying and the rewatering period.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- shoote0
- Treatment
- WSDe0
- Outcome
- cytokinin contents in the shoote0
- Direction
- significantly reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The WSD significantly reduced cytokinin contents in the shoot either during soil drying or during the rewatering period”
e1“Cytokinins may reflect soil water status and regulate rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain filling”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternate wetting and severe soil drying increased trans-zeatin-type cytokinins in roots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- WSDe0
- Outcome
- trans-zeatin-type cytokininse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The WSD increased trans-zeatin-type cytokinins, whereas it reduced isopentenyladenine-type cytokinins, in roots”
e1“Cytokinins may reflect soil water status and regulate rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain filling”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternate wetting and severe soil drying reduced isopentenyladenine-type cytokinins in roots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- WSDe0
- Outcome
- isopentenyladenine-type cytokininse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The WSD increased trans-zeatin-type cytokinins, whereas it reduced isopentenyladenine-type cytokinins, in roots”
e1“Cytokinins may reflect soil water status and regulate rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain filling”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain-filling rate and grain weight of inferior spikelets were very significantly correlated with cytokinin contents in these spikelets.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- inferior spikeletse0
- Compound
- cytokinine0
- Outcome
- Grain-filling rate and grain weighte0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain-filling rate and grain weight of inferior spikelets were very significantly correlated with cytokinin contents in these spikelets”
e1“Cytokinins may reflect soil water status and regulate rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain filling”
Claim · model-written summary
Post-anthesis WMD is recommended to improve grain filling of inferior spikelets by elevating cytokinin levels in the rice shoot.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- post-anthesis WMDe0
- Outcome
- improve grain filling of inferior spikeletse0
- Qualifier
- through elevating cytokinin levels in the rice shoote0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results suggest that a post-anthesis WMD holds great promise to improve grain filling of inferior spikelets through elevating cytokinin levels in the rice shoot”
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