Abstract
High temperature events have occurred frequently in recent years under global warming conditions. High temperature during panicle initiation (PI) poses significant negative impacts on rice grain yield. Alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWD) is widely adopted in rice cultivation. Here, to investigate the alleviating effect of AWD on heat damage to rice ( Oryza sativa L.), we selected four rice varieties with different high-temperature resistance (Liangyoupeijiu, IR64, Huanghuazhan, Shanyou 63), two irrigation treatments at the tillering stage including AWD and continuous flooding (CF) and two temperature treatments at the PI stage (high daytime temperature, HDT; and control temperature, CK) were applied. HDT significantly reduced the yield of all four varieties except for Shanyou 63, primarily by decreasing the spikelet fertility and spikelet number, while AWD significantly improved the two traits under HDT. Moreover, HDT reduced the photosynthetic rate, increased the starch content in leaves and stems, and decreased the transport of sucrose to panicles. AWD reduced the panicle temperature, promoted sucrose synthesis in leaves, increased sucrose content and sucrose hydrolase activity in panicles under HDT. HDT also increased the content of abscisic acid and decreased that of cytokinins (CTKs), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and gibberellins (GAs) in panicles under CF. AWD increased the expression of CTK biosynthesis genes ( IPT , CYP735A , LOG ) and decreased that of CTK degradation gene CKX in roots and panicles under HDT, while enhanced the xylem sap flow rate and contents of CTKs, IAA, and GAs in panicles. Furthermore, AWD exhibited a more pronounced alleviating effect on HDT damage in heat-sensitive varieties than in heat-tolerant varieties. In summary, AWD leads to lower panicle temperature and higher photosynthetic rate, sucrose content, and CTK level in panicles, which together enhance the heat tolerance at the PI stage, and therefore is a sustainable and feasible strategy to mitigate heat-induced yield loss in rice.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
HDT significantly reduced rice yield in all four varieties except Shanyou 63.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa
Oryza sativae1 - Organ / stage
- PI stagee2
- Treatment
- high daytime temperaturee2
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- except for Shanyou 63e0
- Comparator
- control temperaturee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HDT significantly reduced the yield of all four varieties except for Shanyou 63, primarily by decreasing the spikelet fertility and spikelet number”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.)”
e2“two temperature treatments at the PI stage (high daytime temperature, HDT; and control temperature, CK)”
Claim · model-written summary
HDT decreased spikelet fertility and spikelet number in rice.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- high daytime temperaturee2
- Outcome
- spikelet fertility and spikelet numbere0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Comparator
- control temperaturee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HDT significantly reduced the yield of all four varieties except for Shanyou 63, primarily by decreasing the spikelet fertility and spikelet number”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.)”
e2“two temperature treatments at the PI stage (high daytime temperature, HDT; and control temperature, CK)”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD significantly improved spikelet fertility and spikelet number under HDT compared with continuous flooding.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- AWDe0
- Outcome
- spikelet fertility and spikelet numbere3
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- under HDTe0
- Comparator
- continuous flooding (CF)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while AWD significantly improved the two traits under HDT”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.)”
e2“two irrigation treatments at the tillering stage including AWD and continuous flooding (CF)”
e3“HDT significantly reduced the yield of all four varieties except for Shanyou 63, primarily by decreasing the spikelet fertility and spikelet number”
Claim · model-written summary
HDT reduced the photosynthetic rate of rice.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- HDTe0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- control temperaturee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HDT reduced the photosynthetic rate, increased the starch content in leaves and stems, and decreased the transport of sucrose to panicles”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.)”
e2“two temperature treatments at the PI stage (high daytime temperature, HDT; and control temperature, CK)”
Claim · model-written summary
HDT increased starch content in rice leaves and stems.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- leaves and stemse0
- Treatment
- HDTe0
- Outcome
- starch contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control temperaturee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HDT reduced the photosynthetic rate, increased the starch content in leaves and stems, and decreased the transport of sucrose to panicles”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.)”
e2“two temperature treatments at the PI stage (high daytime temperature, HDT; and control temperature, CK)”
Claim · model-written summary
HDT decreased sucrose transport to panicles in rice.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- paniclese0
- Treatment
- HDTe0
- Outcome
- transport of sucrosee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- control temperaturee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HDT reduced the photosynthetic rate, increased the starch content in leaves and stems, and decreased the transport of sucrose to panicles”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.)”
e2“two temperature treatments at the PI stage (high daytime temperature, HDT; and control temperature, CK)”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD reduced panicle temperature in rice compared with continuous flooding.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- paniclese0
- Treatment
- AWDe0
- Outcome
- panicle temperaturee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- continuous flooding (CF)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AWD reduced the panicle temperature, promoted sucrose synthesis in leaves, increased sucrose content and sucrose hydrolase activity in panicles under HDT”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.)”
e2“two irrigation treatments at the tillering stage including AWD and continuous flooding (CF)”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD promoted sucrose synthesis in rice leaves compared with continuous flooding.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- AWDe0
- Outcome
- sucrose synthesis in leavese0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Comparator
- continuous flooding (CF)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AWD reduced the panicle temperature, promoted sucrose synthesis in leaves, increased sucrose content and sucrose hydrolase activity in panicles under HDT”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.)”
e2“two irrigation treatments at the tillering stage including AWD and continuous flooding (CF)”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD increased sucrose content and sucrose hydrolase activity in rice panicles under HDT.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- paniclese0
- Treatment
- AWDe0
- Outcome
- sucrose content and sucrose hydrolase activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under HDTe0
- Comparator
- continuous flooding (CF)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AWD reduced the panicle temperature, promoted sucrose synthesis in leaves, increased sucrose content and sucrose hydrolase activity in panicles under HDT”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.)”
e2“two irrigation treatments at the tillering stage including AWD and continuous flooding (CF)”
Claim · model-written summary
HDT increased abscisic acid content in rice panicles under continuous flooding.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- paniclese0
- Treatment
- HDTe0
- Outcome
- content of abscisic acide0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under CFe0
- Comparator
- control temperaturee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HDT also increased the content of abscisic acid and decreased that of cytokinins (CTKs), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and gibberellins (GAs) in panicles under CF”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.)”
e2“two temperature treatments at the PI stage (high daytime temperature, HDT; and control temperature, CK)”
Claim · model-written summary
HDT decreased cytokinins, IAA and gibberellins in rice panicles under continuous flooding.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- paniclese0
- Treatment
- HDTe0
- Outcome
- cytokinins (CTKs), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and gibberellins (GAs)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- under CFe0
- Comparator
- control temperaturee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HDT also increased the content of abscisic acid and decreased that of cytokinins (CTKs), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and gibberellins (GAs) in panicles under CF”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.)”
e2“two temperature treatments at the PI stage (high daytime temperature, HDT; and control temperature, CK)”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD increased expression of CTK biosynthesis genes in roots and panicles under HDT.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- roots and paniclese0
- Treatment
- AWDe0
- Gene
- IPT , CYP735A , LOGe0
- Outcome
- expression of CTK biosynthesis genese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under HDTe0
- Comparator
- continuous flooding (CF)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AWD increased the expression of CTK biosynthesis genes ( IPT , CYP735A , LOG ) and decreased that of CTK degradation gene CKX in roots and panicles under HDT”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.)”
e2“two irrigation treatments at the tillering stage including AWD and continuous flooding (CF)”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD decreased expression of the CTK degradation gene CKX in roots and panicles under HDT.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- roots and paniclese0
- Treatment
- AWDe0
- Gene
- CKXe0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- CTK degradation genee0
- Comparator
- continuous flooding (CF)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AWD increased the expression of CTK biosynthesis genes ( IPT , CYP735A , LOG ) and decreased that of CTK degradation gene CKX in roots and panicles under HDT”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.)”
e2“two irrigation treatments at the tillering stage including AWD and continuous flooding (CF)”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD enhanced xylem sap flow rate in rice.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- AWDe3
- Outcome
- xylem sap flow ratee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- continuous flooding (CF)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while enhanced the xylem sap flow rate and contents of CTKs, IAA, and GAs in panicles”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.)”
e2“two irrigation treatments at the tillering stage including AWD and continuous flooding (CF)”
e3“AWD increased the expression of CTK biosynthesis genes ( IPT , CYP735A , LOG ) and decreased that of CTK degradation gene CKX in roots and panicles under HDT”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD enhanced contents of CTKs, IAA and GAs in rice panicles.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- paniclese0
- Treatment
- AWDe3
- Outcome
- contents of CTKs, IAA, and GAse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- continuous flooding (CF)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while enhanced the xylem sap flow rate and contents of CTKs, IAA, and GAs in panicles”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.)”
e2“two irrigation treatments at the tillering stage including AWD and continuous flooding (CF)”
e3“AWD increased the expression of CTK biosynthesis genes ( IPT , CYP735A , LOG ) and decreased that of CTK degradation gene CKX in roots and panicles under HDT”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD alleviated HDT damage more strongly in heat-sensitive than in heat-tolerant rice varieties.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativae1
- Material
- heat-sensitive varietiese0
- Treatment
- AWDe0
- Outcome
- alleviating effect on HDT damagee0
- Direction
- more pronouncede0
- Comparator
- heat-tolerant varietiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AWD exhibited a more pronounced alleviating effect on HDT damage in heat-sensitive varieties than in heat-tolerant varieties”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD is a sustainable and feasible strategy to mitigate heat-induced yield loss in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- heat-induced yield losse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AWD leads to lower panicle temperature and higher photosynthetic rate, sucrose content, and CTK level in panicles, which together enhance the heat tolerance at the PI stage, and therefore is a sustainable and feasible strategy to mitigate heat-induced yield loss in rice”
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See all 5 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.