Paper · 2025 · Applied Biological Chemistry

Alternate wetting and drying and nitrogen fertilizations under different soil conditions alter carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolisms in rice

Kyoung Rok Geem; Gahyun Kim; Jwakyung Sung

8
claims
16
verbatim quotes
3
citations
3
research areas
✓
Open access · cc-by

Abstract

Abstract Rice ( Oryza sativa L.), a key staple crop, contributes over 20% of the daily caloric intake for more than 3.5 billion people worldwide. The continuous growth of the global population necessitates a steady increase in rice production, promoting advancement in agricultural cultivation systems to achieve both sustainability and productivity. Effective water and nitrogen (N) fertilizer management are crucial for optimizing rice productivity and ensuring environmental sustainability. This study investigates the interactive effects of alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation and different nitrogen sources under contrasting soil conditions, focusing on nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), nitrogen metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism. Our findings showed that soil type significantly influenced NUE and N metabolism depending on nitrogen fertilizers more than water management under ALN. However, under AHN, both nitrogen fertilizers and water management affected NUE and nitrogen metabolism. In acidic, low-nutrient soils (ALN), AWD decreased nitrogen uptake efficiency and downregulated the nitrogen transport and assimilation-related genes. Conversely, in alkaline, high-nutrient soils (AHN), AWD enhanced nitrogen uptake and assimilation, leading to increased upregulation of nitrogen transporter and assimilation genes. Additionally, AWD altered carbohydrate metabolism, increasing or decreasing carbohydrates accumulation by soil chemical and nutrient conditions. This study provides valuable insights into improving rice productivity by optimizing nitrogen use efficiency and promoting sustainability under various soil and water conditions.

Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗

The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.

Claims 8

Associationobservedoriginal resultsignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Soil type significantly influenced rice nitrogen use efficiency under ALN, depending on nitrogen fertilizer more than water management.

Treatment
nitrogen fertilizerse0
Outcome
NUEe0
Setting
ALNe0

Not reportedDirection

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Oryza sativa
Oryza sativa · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryDesmanthus4food · CC BY-SA 3.0 us · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“soil type significantly influenced NUE and N metabolism depending on nitrogen fertilizers more than water management under ALN”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 775–901 · show in text ↑
e1

“Rice ( Oryza sativa L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 9–32 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultsignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Soil type significantly influenced rice nitrogen metabolism under ALN, depending on nitrogen fertilizer more than water management.

Treatment
nitrogen fertilizerse0
Outcome
N metabolisme0
Setting
ALNe0

Not reportedDirection

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Oryza sativa
Oryza sativa · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryDesmanthus4food · CC BY-SA 3.0 us · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“soil type significantly influenced NUE and N metabolism depending on nitrogen fertilizers more than water management under ALN”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 775–901 · show in text ↑
e1

“Rice ( Oryza sativa L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 9–32 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Under AHN, nitrogen fertilizers and water management affected rice nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen metabolism.

Treatment
nitrogen fertilizers and water managemente0
Outcome
NUE and nitrogen metabolisme0
Setting
AHNe0

Not reportedDirection

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Oryza sativa
Oryza sativa · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryDesmanthus4food · CC BY-SA 3.0 us · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“under AHN, both nitrogen fertilizers and water management affected NUE and nitrogen metabolism”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 912–1006 · show in text ↑
e1

“Rice ( Oryza sativa L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 9–32 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Alternate wetting and drying decreased rice nitrogen uptake efficiency in acidic, low-nutrient soils.

Treatment
AWDe0
Outcome
nitrogen uptake efficiencye0
Direction
decreasede0
Setting
acidic, low-nutrient soils (ALN)e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Oryza sativa
Oryza sativa · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryDesmanthus4food · CC BY-SA 3.0 us · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“In acidic, low-nutrient soils (ALN), AWD decreased nitrogen uptake efficiency”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1008–1085 · show in text ↑
e1

“Rice ( Oryza sativa L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 9–32 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Alternate wetting and drying downregulated rice nitrogen transport and assimilation-related genes in ALN soils.

Treatment
AWDe0
Outcome
nitrogen transport and assimilation-related genese0
Direction
downregulatede0
Setting
acidic, low-nutrient soils (ALN)e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Oryza sativa
Oryza sativa · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryDesmanthus4food · CC BY-SA 3.0 us · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“In acidic, low-nutrient soils (ALN), AWD decreased nitrogen uptake efficiency and downregulated the nitrogen transport and assimilation-related genes”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1008–1157 · show in text ↑
e1

“Rice ( Oryza sativa L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 9–32 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Alternate wetting and drying enhanced rice nitrogen uptake and assimilation in AHN soils.

Treatment
AWDe0
Outcome
nitrogen uptake and assimilatione0
Direction
enhancede0
Setting
alkaline, high-nutrient soils (AHN)e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Oryza sativa
Oryza sativa · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryDesmanthus4food · CC BY-SA 3.0 us · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“in alkaline, high-nutrient soils (AHN), AWD enhanced nitrogen uptake and assimilation”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1171–1256 · show in text ↑
e1

“Rice ( Oryza sativa L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 9–32 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Alternate wetting and drying increased upregulation of rice nitrogen transporter and assimilation genes in AHN soils.

Treatment
AWDe0
Outcome
nitrogen transporter and assimilation genese0
Direction
increased upregulatione0
Setting
alkaline, high-nutrient soils (AHN)e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Oryza sativa
Oryza sativa · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryDesmanthus4food · CC BY-SA 3.0 us · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“in alkaline, high-nutrient soils (AHN), AWD enhanced nitrogen uptake and assimilation, leading to increased upregulation of nitrogen transporter and assimilation genes”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1171–1338 · show in text ↑
e1

“Rice ( Oryza sativa L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 9–32 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultmixedmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Alternate wetting and drying increased or decreased rice carbohydrate accumulation depending on soil chemical and nutrient conditions.

Treatment
AWDe0
Outcome
carbohydrates accumulatione0
Direction
increasing or decreasinge0
Qualifier
soil chemical and nutrient conditionse0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Oryza sativa
Oryza sativa · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryDesmanthus4food · CC BY-SA 3.0 us · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“AWD altered carbohydrate metabolism, increasing or decreasing carbohydrates accumulation by soil chemical and nutrient conditions”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1354–1483 · show in text ↑
e1

“Rice ( Oryza sativa L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 9–32 · show in text ↑

irrigation · nutrient: efficiency · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results

36 papers: 32 positive, 4 negative or no effect

3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 32 in the opposite direction

  1. positive
  2. positive
  3. positive

32 papers more in this group

See all 36 papers →

irrigation · nutrient: content · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results

144 papers: 119 positive, 25 negative or no effect

118 papers in the same direction as this paper · 24 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative

  1. negative
  2. negative
  3. negative

140 papers more in this group

See all 144 papers →

irrigation · molecular: expression · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree

5 papers: 5 positive, 0 negative or no effect

4 papers in the same direction as this paper

  1. positive
  2. positive
  3. positive

1 paper more in this group

See all 5 papers →

Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.