Abstract
Abstract: Croton pullei (Euphorbiaceae) is a woody climber of the lowland rainforest in French Guyana and Surinam. During ontogeny, a shift from a juvenile free‐standing growth phase to an older supported growth phase is observed. The following biomechanical parameters were studied: structural Young's modulus, structural torsional modulus, flexural stiffness and bend to twist ratios. Changes in anatomical development were also analysed for different stages of development of C. pullei which differ significantly in their mechanical properties. Free‐standing plants show a nearly constant structural Young's modulus and structural torsional modulus during ontogeny, with flexural stiffness increasing proportionally with the axial second moment of area. These patterns are typical for ?semi‐self‐supporting plants”. In contrast, supported plants show a significant decrease in structural Young's modulus in older stem parts, as well as a decrease in structural torsional modulus. Due to the decrease in structural Young's modulus, flexural stiffness does not increase proportionally with the axial second moment of area. These patterns are typical for non‐self‐supporting lianas. In all supported plants, a sudden transition occurs from early dense wood to a wood type with a much higher proportion of large diameter vessels. In contrast, only the dense wood type is present in all tested free‐standing plants. The data are compared with results from other climbing species of the same study area and discussed with reference to observed features characterizing the growth form and life history of C. pullei.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Croton pullei shifts from a juvenile free-standing to an older supported growth phase.
- Taxon
- Croton pullei
Croton pulleit0 - Outcome
- shift from a juvenile free‐standing growth phase to an older supported growth phasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a shift from a juvenile free‐standing growth phase to an older supported growth phase is observed”
t0“Croton pullei”
Claim · model-written summary
Free-standing plants maintain nearly constant structural Young’s and torsional moduli during ontogeny.
- Taxon
- Croton pulleiCroton pulleit0
- Outcome
- structural Young's modulus and structural torsional moduluse0
- Direction
- nearly constante0
- Qualifier
- Free‐standing plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Free‐standing plants show a nearly constant structural Young's modulus and structural torsional modulus during ontogeny”
t0“Croton pullei”
Claim · model-written summary
In free-standing plants, flexural stiffness increases proportionally with axial second moment of area.
- Taxon
- Croton pulleiCroton pulleit0
- Outcome
- flexural stiffnesse0
- Direction
- increasing proportionallye0
- Qualifier
- Free‐standing plantse1
- Comparator
- axial second moment of areae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with flexural stiffness increasing proportionally with the axial second moment of area”
e1“Free‐standing plants show”
t0“Croton pullei”
Claim · model-written summary
Supported plants have a significant decrease in structural Young’s modulus in older stem parts.
- Taxon
- Croton pulleiCroton pulleit0
- Organ / stage
- older stem partse0
- Outcome
- structural Young's moduluse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“supported plants show a significant decrease in structural Young's modulus in older stem parts”
t0“Croton pullei”
Claim · model-written summary
Supported plants show a decrease in structural torsional modulus.
- Taxon
- Croton pulleiCroton pulleit0
- Outcome
- structural torsional moduluse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- supported plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“supported plants show a significant decrease in structural Young's modulus in older stem parts, as well as a decrease in structural torsional modulus”
t0“Croton pullei”
Claim · model-written summary
In supported plants, flexural stiffness does not increase proportionally with axial second moment of area.
- Taxon
- Croton pulleiCroton pulleit0
- Outcome
- flexural stiffnesse0
- Direction
- does not increase proportionallye0
- Qualifier
- supported plantse1
- Comparator
- axial second moment of areae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flexural stiffness does not increase proportionally with the axial second moment of area”
e1“supported plants show”
t0“Croton pullei”
Claim · model-written summary
All supported plants transition from dense wood to wood with more large diameter vessels.
- Taxon
- Croton pulleiCroton pulleit0
- Outcome
- a sudden transition occurs from early dense wood to a wood type with a much higher proportion of large diameter vesselse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In all supported plants, a sudden transition occurs from early dense wood to a wood type with a much higher proportion of large diameter vessels”
t0“Croton pullei”
Claim · model-written summary
All tested free-standing plants have only dense wood.
- Taxon
- Croton pulleiCroton pulleit0
- Outcome
- only the dense wood type is presente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only the dense wood type is present in all tested free‐standing plants”
t0“Croton pullei”