Abstract
Phytophthora sojae encodes hundreds of putative host cytoplasmic effectors with conserved FLAK motifs following signal peptides, termed crinkling- and necrosis-inducing proteins (CRN) or Crinkler. Their functions and mechanisms in pathogenesis are mostly unknown. Here, we identify a group of five P. sojae-specific CRN-like genes with high levels of sequence similarity, of which three are putative pseudogenes. Functional analysis shows that the two functional genes encode proteins with predicted nuclear localization signals that induce contrasting responses when expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana and soybean (Glycine max). PsCRN63 induces cell death, while PsCRN115 suppresses cell death elicited by the P. sojae necrosis-inducing protein (PsojNIP) or PsCRN63. Expression of CRN fragments with deleted signal peptides and FLAK motifs demonstrates that the carboxyl-terminal portions of PsCRN63 or PsCRN115 are sufficient for their activities. However, the predicted nuclear localization signal is required for PsCRN63 to induce cell death but not for PsCRN115 to suppress cell death. Furthermore, silencing of the PsCRN63 and PsCRN115 genes in P. sojae stable transformants leads to a reduction of virulence on soybean. Intriguingly, the silenced transformants lose the ability to suppress host cell death and callose deposition on inoculated plants. These results suggest a role for CRN effectors in the suppression of host defense responses.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Five P. sojae-specific CRN-like genes were identified, three of them putative pseudogenes.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe1 - Interactor
- P. sojaePhytophthora sojaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- CRN-like genese0
- Qualifier
- three are putative pseudogenese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Here, we identify a group of five P. sojae-specific CRN-like genes with high levels of sequence similarity, of which three are putative pseudogenes.”
e1“Functional analysis shows that the two functional genes encode proteins with predicted nuclear localization signals that induce contrasting responses when expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana and soybean (Glycine max).”
Claim · model-written summary
PsCRN63 expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana and soybean induced cell death.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana and soybeane1
- Interactor
- P. sojaePhytophthora sojaee2pathogen
- Gene
- PsCRN63e2
- Outcome
- cell deathe2
- Direction
- inducese2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Functional analysis shows that the two functional genes encode proteins with predicted nuclear localization signals that induce contrasting responses when expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana and soybean (Glycine max).”
e2“PsCRN63 induces cell death, while PsCRN115 suppresses cell death elicited by the P. sojae necrosis-inducing protein (PsojNIP) or PsCRN63.”
Claim · model-written summary
PsCRN115 suppressed cell death elicited by PsojNIP or PsCRN63.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- PsCRN115e2
- Interactor
- P. sojaePhytophthora sojaee2pathogen
- Gene
- PsCRN115e2
- Outcome
- cell deathe2
- Direction
- suppressese2
- Comparator
- cell death elicited by the P. sojae necrosis-inducing protein (PsojNIP)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Functional analysis shows that the two functional genes encode proteins with predicted nuclear localization signals that induce contrasting responses when expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana and soybean (Glycine max).”
e2“PsCRN63 induces cell death, while PsCRN115 suppresses cell death elicited by the P. sojae necrosis-inducing protein (PsojNIP) or PsCRN63.”
Claim · model-written summary
The carboxyl-terminal portions of PsCRN63 or PsCRN115 are sufficient for their activities.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Expression of CRN fragments with deleted signal peptides and FLAK motifse3
- Gene
- PsCRN63 or PsCRN115e3
- Outcome
- activitiese3
- Direction
- sufficiente3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Functional analysis shows that the two functional genes encode proteins with predicted nuclear localization signals that induce contrasting responses when expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana and soybean (Glycine max).”
e3“Expression of CRN fragments with deleted signal peptides and FLAK motifs demonstrates that the carboxyl-terminal portions of PsCRN63 or PsCRN115 are sufficient for their activities.”
Claim · model-written summary
The predicted nuclear localization signal is required for PsCRN63 to induce cell death.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- predicted nuclear localization signale4
- Gene
- PsCRN63e4
- Outcome
- induce cell deathe4
- Direction
- requirede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Functional analysis shows that the two functional genes encode proteins with predicted nuclear localization signals that induce contrasting responses when expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana and soybean (Glycine max).”
e4“However, the predicted nuclear localization signal is required for PsCRN63 to induce cell death but not for PsCRN115 to suppress cell death.”
Claim · model-written summary
The predicted nuclear localization signal is not required for PsCRN115 to suppress cell death.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- predicted nuclear localization signale4
- Gene
- PsCRN115e4
- Outcome
- suppress cell deathe4
- Direction
- not fore4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Functional analysis shows that the two functional genes encode proteins with predicted nuclear localization signals that induce contrasting responses when expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana and soybean (Glycine max).”
e4“However, the predicted nuclear localization signal is required for PsCRN63 to induce cell death but not for PsCRN115 to suppress cell death.”
Claim · model-written summary
Silencing PsCRN63 and PsCRN115 in P. sojae transformants reduced virulence on soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe5
- Treatment
- silencing of the PsCRN63 and PsCRN115 genes in P. sojae stable transformantse5
- Interactor
- P. sojaePhytophthora sojaee5pathogen
- Gene
- PsCRN63 and PsCRN115e5
- Outcome
- virulencee5
- Direction
- reductione5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Functional analysis shows that the two functional genes encode proteins with predicted nuclear localization signals that induce contrasting responses when expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana and soybean (Glycine max).”
e5“silencing of the PsCRN63 and PsCRN115 genes in P. sojae stable transformants leads to a reduction of virulence on soybean.”
Claim · model-written summary
Silenced transformants lost the ability to suppress host cell death and callose deposition on inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- silenced transformantse6
- Outcome
- host cell death and callose depositione6
- Direction
- losee6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Functional analysis shows that the two functional genes encode proteins with predicted nuclear localization signals that induce contrasting responses when expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana and soybean (Glycine max).”
e6“the silenced transformants lose the ability to suppress host cell death and callose deposition on inoculated plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
The results suggest that CRN effectors play a role in suppressing host defence responses.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Gene
- CRN effectorse7
- Outcome
- suppression of host defense responsese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Functional analysis shows that the two functional genes encode proteins with predicted nuclear localization signals that induce contrasting responses when expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana and soybean (Glycine max).”
e7“These results suggest a role for CRN effectors in the suppression of host defense responses.”
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