Abstract
Fungi belonging to the genus Trichoderma are among the most active and ecologically successful microbes found in natural environments, because they are able to use a variety of substrates and affect the growth of other microbes and virtually any plant species. We isolated and characterized a novel type II hydrophobin secreted by the biocontrol strain MK1 of Trichoderma longibrachiatum. The corresponding gene (Hytlo1) has a multiple role in the Trichoderma-plant-pathogen three-way interaction, while the purified protein displayed a direct antifungal as well as a microbe-associated molecular pattern and a plant growth promotion (PGP) activity. Leaf infiltration with the hydrophobin systemically increased resistance to pathogens and activated defense-related responses involving reactive oxygen species, superoxide dismutase, oxylipin, phytoalexin, and pathogenesis-related protein formation or activity. The hydrophobin was found to enhance development of a variety of plants when applied at very low doses. It particularly stimulated root formation and growth, as demonstrated also by transient expression of the encoding gene in tobacco and tomato. Targeted knock-out of Hytlo1 significantly reduced both antagonistic and PGP effect of the wild-type strain. We conclude that this protein represents a clear example of a molecular factor developed by Trichoderma spp. to establish a mutually beneficial interaction with the colonized plant.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
The purified hydrophobin had direct antifungal activity.
- Interactor
- Trichoderma
Trichodermat0biocontrol_agent - Gene
- purified proteine0
- Outcome
- direct antifungale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the purified protein displayed a direct antifungal as well as a microbe-associated molecular pattern and a plant growth promotion (PGP) activity.”
t0“Trichoderma”
e1“plant growth promotion (PGP) activity”
Claim · model-written summary
The purified hydrophobin displayed microbe-associated molecular pattern activity.
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermat0biocontrol_agent
- Gene
- purified proteine0
- Outcome
- microbe-associated molecular patterne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the purified protein displayed a direct antifungal as well as a microbe-associated molecular pattern and a plant growth promotion (PGP) activity.”
t0“Trichoderma”
e1“plant growth promotion (PGP) activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf infiltration with hydrophobin increased systemic pathogen resistance.
- Treatment
- Leaf infiltration with the hydrophobine0
- Interactor
- pathogense0pathogen
- Outcome
- resistance to pathogense0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Leaf infiltration with the hydrophobin systemically increased resistance to pathogens and activated defense-related responses involving reactive oxygen species, superoxide dismutase, oxylipin, phytoalexin, and pathogenesis-related protein formation or activity.”
e1“plant growth promotion (PGP) activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf infiltration with hydrophobin activated plant defense responses.
- Treatment
- Leaf infiltration with the hydrophobine0
- Outcome
- defense-related responsese0
- Direction
- activatede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Leaf infiltration with the hydrophobin systemically increased resistance to pathogens and activated defense-related responses involving reactive oxygen species, superoxide dismutase, oxylipin, phytoalexin, and pathogenesis-related protein formation or activity.”
e1“plant growth promotion (PGP) activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrophobin enhanced development in a variety of plants at very low doses.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Treatment
- hydrophobine0
- Outcome
- developmente0
- Direction
- enhancee0
- Qualifier
- very low dosese0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The hydrophobin was found to enhance development of a variety of plants when applied at very low doses.”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrophobin stimulated root formation and growth.
- Taxon
- tobacco and tomato
Solanum lycopersicum
Nicotiana tabacume0 - Treatment
- transient expression of the encoding genee0
- Outcome
- root formation and growthe0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It particularly stimulated root formation and growth, as demonstrated also by transient expression of the encoding gene in tobacco and tomato.”
Claim · model-written summary
Hytlo1 knockout reduced the strain’s antagonistic effect.
- Treatment
- Targeted knock-out of Hytlo1e0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermat0biocontrol_agent
- Gene
- Hytlo1e0
- Outcome
- antagonistice0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- wild-type straine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Targeted knock-out of Hytlo1 significantly reduced both antagonistic and PGP effect of the wild-type strain.”
t0“Trichoderma”
e1“plant growth promotion (PGP) activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Hytlo1 knockout reduced the strain’s plant growth promotion effect.
- Treatment
- Targeted knock-out of Hytlo1e0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermat0biocontrol_agent
- Gene
- Hytlo1e0
- Outcome
- PGP effecte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- wild-type straine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Targeted knock-out of Hytlo1 significantly reduced both antagonistic and PGP effect of the wild-type strain.”
t0“Trichoderma”
e1“plant growth promotion (PGP) activity”
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See all 38 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.