Abstract
Phytolacca dioica L., an evergreen tree of the Phytolaccaceae, is one of the species of Phytolacca which shows anomalous secondary thickening in its stem. This mode of thickening has been regarded as successive cambial activity or alternatively, in some more recent interpretations, as thickening by unidirectional activity of a cambial zone. The stem thickening of P. dioica is of the former type. The cambium produces fascicular strands, showing centrifugal differentiation of xylem and centripetal differentiation of phloem on opposite sides of the cambial layer, and rays are produced between the fascicular areas. In both xylem and phloem the younger elements are closer to the cambium than the older elements. Succeeding cambia arise periodically by periclinal divisions in a layer of parenchyma cells two or three cells beyond the outermost intact phloem derived from the current cambium. Each cambium forms a few parenchyma cells on both sides before it forms derivatives which mature into lignified xylem elements or conductive elements of the phloem. The parenchyma thus formed toward the outside later becomes the site of the origin of the succeeding cambium. Only one or two layers of this phloem parenchyma go on to form the new cambium; the remaining cells accumulate between the outermost phloem and the cortex. P. weberbaueri shows stem structure similar to P. dioica. P. meziana , a shrub, shows normal stem structure.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Stem thickening in P. dioica is produced by successive cambia.
- Taxon
- P. dioica
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Phytolacca dioicae0 - Outcome
- stem thickeninge0
- Qualifier
- successive cambial activitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
%2C_Phytolacca_dioica%2C_em_Bag%C3%A9%2C_RS%2C_Brasil.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The stem thickening of P. dioica is of the former type”
e1“successive cambial activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Its cambium produces fascicular strands with centrifugal xylem and centripetal phloem differentiation.
- Taxon
- Phytolacca dioica L.Phytolacca dioicae1
- Outcome
- fascicular strands, showing centrifugal differentiation of xylem and centripetal differentiation of phloeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The cambium produces fascicular strands, showing centrifugal differentiation of xylem and centripetal differentiation of phloem on opposite sides of the cambial layer”
e1“Phytolacca dioica L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rays form between the fascicular areas.
- Taxon
- Phytolacca dioica L.Phytolacca dioicae1
- Outcome
- rays are produced between the fascicular arease0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rays are produced between the fascicular areas”
e1“Phytolacca dioica L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Younger xylem and phloem elements lie closer to the cambium than older elements.
- Taxon
- Phytolacca dioica L.Phytolacca dioicae1
- Outcome
- younger elements are closer to the cambium than the older elementse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both xylem and phloem the younger elements are closer to the cambium than the older elements”
e1“Phytolacca dioica L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Successive cambia periodically originate by periclinal division beyond the outermost intact phloem.
- Taxon
- Phytolacca dioica L.Phytolacca dioicae1
- Outcome
- Succeeding cambia arise periodically by periclinal divisionse0
- Qualifier
- two or three cells beyond the outermost intact phloeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Succeeding cambia arise periodically by periclinal divisions in a layer of parenchyma cells two or three cells beyond the outermost intact phloem derived from the current cambium”
e1“Phytolacca dioica L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Each cambium produces parenchyma on both sides before forming xylem and phloem conductive derivatives.
- Taxon
- Phytolacca dioica L.Phytolacca dioicae1
- Outcome
- parenchyma cells on both sidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Each cambium forms a few parenchyma cells on both sides before it forms derivatives which mature into lignified xylem elements or conductive elements of the phloem”
e1“Phytolacca dioica L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Outwardly produced parenchyma becomes the origin of the next cambium.
- Taxon
- Phytolacca dioica L.Phytolacca dioicae1
- Outcome
- site of the origin of the succeeding cambiume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The parenchyma thus formed toward the outside later becomes the site of the origin of the succeeding cambium”
e1“Phytolacca dioica L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Only one or two layers of phloem parenchyma form a new cambium; remaining cells accumulate near the cortex.
- Taxon
- Phytolacca dioica L.Phytolacca dioicae1
- Outcome
- new cambiume0
- Qualifier
- the remaining cells accumulate between the outermost phloem and the cortexe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Only one or two layers of this phloem parenchyma go on to form the new cambium; the remaining cells accumulate between the outermost phloem and the cortex”
e1“Phytolacca dioica L.”
Claim · model-written summary
P. weberbaueri has stem structure similar to P. dioica.
- Taxon
- P. weberbaueri
Phytolacca weberbauerie0 - Outcome
- stem structure similar to P. dioicae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. weberbaueri shows stem structure similar to P. dioica”
Claim · model-written summary
P. meziana has normal stem structure.
- Taxon
- P. mezianaPhytolacca mezianae0
- Outcome
- normal stem structuree0
Verbatim
e0“P. meziana , a shrub, shows normal stem structure”