Abstract
Abstract A collection of 128 populations of white clover from southwest Europe was grown as spaced plants and compared with a range of bred cultivars for shoot morphology, spring and summer growth, flowering, leaf marks, cyanogenesis, persistence, and susceptibility to stem nematode ( Ditylenchus dipsaci ). Collected populations were grouped by latitude and altitude of origin. Cyanogenesis (% and score), V leaf mark (%), leaf size, early‐flowering (%), flower abundance, and spring growth declined with increasing latitude and altitude. Factor analysis was used to reduce the number of variables before populations and cultivars were clustered, using the flexible beta method, into six groups. Lines in the cluster that contained medium and large‐leaved New Zealand cultivars were highly productive and persistent, with high cyanogenesis levels, very dense foliage, and abundant flowers. Another cluster contained the ladino cultivars and collections that had low cyanogenesis levels, large leaves, upright habit, poor spring growth, good persistence, low nematode damage, and were late‐flowering. A large number of the collected populations fell into a cluster characterised by small leaves, prostrate habit, and low productivity. Another large cluster contained mainly Mediterranean lines that were very early‐flowering, very highly cyanogenic, large‐leaved, and semi‐prostrate, with excellent spring growth but poor summer growth. The largest cluster contained the small‐leaved productive cultivars and collected populations which were moderately cyanogenic but sustained high nematode damage. Lines in the smallest cluster were characterised by a high incidence of V y leaf mark and relatively high leaf density. The clustering was compared with geographic groupings of populations. Geographic groups were phenotypically heterogeneous, over the total range of characters used, with populations from the same region often occurring in several clusters. Road‐side collections probably because of their close relationship with adjacent pasture populations, occurred in several clusters and did not form an identifiable phenotypic group representing permanent, ecologically separate populations. Compared with a previous cluster analysis of a world collection of white clover cultivars, the southern Europe collection contained a group of very small‐leaved, prostrate, non‐productive populations that differed from any cultivar grouping because such types are not in commercial use. Clustering analyses of the type undertaken here assist the use of new germplasm in plant improvement programmes by identifying phenotypically similar accessions and thereby reducing the number of lines to be evaluated.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Cyanogenesis, V leaf mark and leaf size declined with increasing latitude and altitude of origin.
- Taxon
- white clover
Trifolium repense0 - Treatment
- increasing latitude and altitudee1
- Outcome
- Cyanogenesis (% and score), V leaf mark (%), leaf sizee1
- Direction
- declinede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A collection of 128 populations of white clover from southwest Europe was grown as spaced plants”
e1“Cyanogenesis (% and score), V leaf mark (%), leaf size, early‐flowering (%), flower abundance, and spring growth declined with increasing latitude and altitude”
Claim · model-written summary
Early flowering, flower abundance and spring growth declined with increasing latitude and altitude of origin.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense0
- Treatment
- increasing latitude and altitudee1
- Outcome
- early‐flowering (%), flower abundance, and spring growthe1
- Direction
- declinede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A collection of 128 populations of white clover from southwest Europe was grown as spaced plants”
e1“Cyanogenesis (% and score), V leaf mark (%), leaf size, early‐flowering (%), flower abundance, and spring growth declined with increasing latitude and altitude”
Claim · model-written summary
Populations and cultivars of white clover were clustered into six groups.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense0
- Outcome
- populations and cultivars were clusterede2
- Value
- six groupse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A collection of 128 populations of white clover from southwest Europe was grown as spaced plants”
e2“Factor analysis was used to reduce the number of variables before populations and cultivars were clustered, using the flexible beta method, into six groups”
Claim · model-written summary
Geographic groups of white clover were phenotypically heterogeneous, with populations from the same region in several clusters.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense0
- Outcome
- Geographic groupse3
- Qualifier
- phenotypically heterogeneouse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A collection of 128 populations of white clover from southwest Europe was grown as spaced plants”
e3“Geographic groups were phenotypically heterogeneous, over the total range of characters used, with populations from the same region often occurring in several clusters”
Claim · model-written summary
Road-side collections occurred in several clusters and did not form an identifiable phenotypic group.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense0
- Outcome
- occurred in several clusterse4
- Qualifier
- did not form an identifiable phenotypic groupe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A collection of 128 populations of white clover from southwest Europe was grown as spaced plants”
e4“Road‐side collections probably because of their close relationship with adjacent pasture populations, occurred in several clusters and did not form an identifiable phenotypic group”
Claim · model-written summary
The southern Europe collection contained a group of very small-leaved, prostrate, non-productive populations not found in any cultivar grouping.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense0
- Outcome
- very small‐leaved, prostrate, non‐productive populationse5
- Comparator
- cultivar groupinge5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A collection of 128 populations of white clover from southwest Europe was grown as spaced plants”
e5“the southern Europe collection contained a group of very small‐leaved, prostrate, non‐productive populations that differed from any cultivar grouping”
Claim · model-written summary
Clustering analyses assist the use of new germplasm by identifying similar accessions and reducing the number of lines to be evaluated.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense0
- Outcome
- reducing the number of lines to be evaluatede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A collection of 128 populations of white clover from southwest Europe was grown as spaced plants”
e6“Clustering analyses of the type undertaken here assist the use of new germplasm in plant improvement programmes by identifying phenotypically similar accessions and thereby reducing the number of lines to be evaluated”