Abstract
Abstract Sludge from a swine manure lagoon and municipal sewage sludge were used in a greenhouse study to determine their effects on fescuegrass ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) yield, heavy metal concentrations, and N uptake. Four variables were used in the experiment: sludge (swine and municipal), soil (loamy sand and sandy clay loam), application method (surface applied and incorporated), and application rate (10, 20, and 40 kg/ha of sludge‐applied Cu). Inorganic fertilizer treatments supplying 50, 100, and 200 kg N/ha were also included. The sludges were applied at the beginning of the experimental period and increased yields for a period of 35 weeks (five harvests), municipal sludge generally resulted in higher yields than did swine sludge during this period. Total recovery of applied N in harvested grass was 24% of the municipal‐sludge N and 16% of the swine‐sludge N for the first five harvests. Surface application resulted in greater N recovery (24%) than did incorporation (16%, average of both sludges). Copper concentration in the grass was not affected by sludge type or soil type, but Zn concentrations were higher with municipal sludge and with the sandy clay loam. With municipal sludge the effects of soil types on the concentrations of the other metals in the grass were: Cr and Pb, no effect; Ni, higher with loamy sand; and Cd, initially higher with sandy clay loam, later higher with loamy sand. Surface‐applied sludge generally resulted in higher concentrations of metals in the grass than did incorporated sludge. A comparison of the effects of surface‐applied and incorporated sludge vs. the effect of chemical fertilizer on metal concentrations in the grass showed: Cr and Pb, no effect; Cu, slight increase due to sludge at first harvest only; and Zn, Ni, and Cd, increase due to sludge. Heavy metal concentrations in the grass were not consistently related to the soil type. Since the soils differed in cation exchange capacity (CEC, loamy sand, 3.9 meq/100 g; sandy clay loam, 8.5 meq/100 g), it appears that a better criterion than CEC is needed for determining acceptable metal loading rates for major soils of the southeastern United States.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
The sludges increased fescuegrass yields for 35 weeks.
Verbatim
t0“Fescuegrass”
e1“The sludges were applied at the beginning of the experimental period and increased yields for a period of 35 weeks (five harvests)”
Claim · model-written summary
Municipal sludge gave higher fescuegrass yields than swine sludge during this period.
Verbatim
t0“Fescuegrass”
e2“municipal sludge generally resulted in higher yields than did swine sludge during this period”
Claim · model-written summary
Municipal sludge N recovery in harvested grass was 24% over the first five harvests.
Verbatim
t0“Fescuegrass”
e3“Total recovery of applied N in harvested grass was 24% of the municipal‐sludge N and 16% of the swine‐sludge N for the first five harvests”
Claim · model-written summary
Swine sludge N recovery in harvested grass was 16% over the first five harvests.
Verbatim
t0“Fescuegrass”
e3“Total recovery of applied N in harvested grass was 24% of the municipal‐sludge N and 16% of the swine‐sludge N for the first five harvests”
Claim · model-written summary
Surface application gave greater N recovery (24%) than incorporation (16%).
Verbatim
t0“Fescuegrass”
e4“Surface application resulted in greater N recovery (24%) than did incorporation (16%, average of both sludges)”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper concentration in fescuegrass was not affected by sludge type or soil type.
Verbatim
t0“Fescuegrass”
e5“Copper concentration in the grass was not affected by sludge type or soil type”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn concentrations in fescuegrass were higher with municipal sludge.
Verbatim
t0“Fescuegrass”
e6“Zn concentrations were higher with municipal sludge and with the sandy clay loam”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn concentrations in fescuegrass were higher with sandy clay loam.
Verbatim
t0“Fescuegrass”
e6“Zn concentrations were higher with municipal sludge and with the sandy clay loam”
Claim · model-written summary
With municipal sludge, soil types had no effect on Cr and Pb concentrations in fescuegrass.
Verbatim
t0“Fescuegrass”
e7“With municipal sludge the effects of soil types on the concentrations of the other metals in the grass were: Cr and Pb, no effect; Ni, higher with loamy sand; and Cd, initially higher with sandy clay loam, later higher with loamy sand”
Claim · model-written summary
With municipal sludge, Ni concentration in fescuegrass was higher with loamy sand.
Verbatim
t0“Fescuegrass”
e7“With municipal sludge the effects of soil types on the concentrations of the other metals in the grass were: Cr and Pb, no effect; Ni, higher with loamy sand; and Cd, initially higher with sandy clay loam, later higher with loamy sand”
Claim · model-written summary
With municipal sludge, Cd concentration in fescuegrass was initially higher with sandy clay loam.
Verbatim
t0“Fescuegrass”
e7“With municipal sludge the effects of soil types on the concentrations of the other metals in the grass were: Cr and Pb, no effect; Ni, higher with loamy sand; and Cd, initially higher with sandy clay loam, later higher with loamy sand”
Claim · model-written summary
With municipal sludge, Cd concentration in fescuegrass was later higher with loamy sand.
Verbatim
t0“Fescuegrass”
e7“With municipal sludge the effects of soil types on the concentrations of the other metals in the grass were: Cr and Pb, no effect; Ni, higher with loamy sand; and Cd, initially higher with sandy clay loam, later higher with loamy sand”
Claim · model-written summary
Surface-applied sludge gave higher metal concentrations in grass than incorporated sludge.
Verbatim
t0“Fescuegrass”
e0“generally resulted in higher concentrations of metals in the grass than did incorporated sludge”
Claim · model-written summary
Cr and Pb concentrations were not affected by sludge compared with chemical fertilizer.
Verbatim
t0“Fescuegrass”
e0“the effect of chemical fertilizer on metal concentrations in the grass showed: Cr and Pb, no effect; Cu, slight increase due to sludge at first harvest only; and Zn, Ni, and Cd, increase due to sludge”
Claim · model-written summary
Cu concentration increased due to sludge at first harvest only, compared with chemical fertilizer.
Verbatim
t0“Fescuegrass”
e0“the effect of chemical fertilizer on metal concentrations in the grass showed: Cr and Pb, no effect; Cu, slight increase due to sludge at first harvest only; and Zn, Ni, and Cd, increase due to sludge”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn, Ni and Cd concentrations increased due to sludge, compared with chemical fertilizer.
Verbatim
t0“Fescuegrass”
e0“the effect of chemical fertilizer on metal concentrations in the grass showed: Cr and Pb, no effect; Cu, slight increase due to sludge at first harvest only; and Zn, Ni, and Cd, increase due to sludge”
Claim · model-written summary
Heavy metal concentrations in grass were not consistently related to soil type.
Verbatim
t0“Fescuegrass”
e0“Heavy metal concentrations in the grass were not consistently related to the soil type”
Claim · model-written summary
A better criterion than CEC is needed for determining acceptable metal loading rates on major southeastern US soils.
Verbatim
t0“Fescuegrass”
e0“it appears that a better criterion than CEC is needed for determining acceptable metal loading rates for major soils of the southeastern United States”