Abstract
Summary Since 2001, the incidence of bleeding canker of horse chestnut ( A esculus hippocastanum ) has increased markedly in western E urope. The causal agent, the bacterium P seudomonas syringae pv. aesculi , originally isolated from foliar lesions on Indian horse chestnut ( A esculus indica ) in India, is a bark killing pathogen on A . hippocastanum . In this study, P . syringae pv. aesculi was found as a foliar epiphyte on both A . hippocastanum and A . indica trees growing in the UK . When A esculus leaves were challenged with cell suspensions (10 9 CFU ml −1 ) of P seudomonas syringae pv. aesculi , a high level of asymptomatic infection occurred in all the species tested. The degree of re‐isolation of the bacterium after surface sterilization of leaves ranged from 33% ( A . pavia ) to 84 and 97% for A . hippocastanum and A . chinensis , respectively. The studies suggest both epiphytic and intrafoliar populations of P . syringae pv. aesculi could play a role in the incidence and spread of bleeding canker of horse chestnut. Growth–temperature responses of P . syringae pv. aesculi indicated a minimum of approximately −4°C and a maximum of approximately 35°C, with an optimum of approximately 25°C. These findings show that P . syringae pv. aesculi is not restricted to bark lesions but is likely to be widespread in the environment. It is also capable of causing foliar infection of several A esculus species and could persist under extremes of weather in the UK .
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
P. syringae pv. aesculi occurred as a foliar epiphyte on A. hippocastanum in the UK.
- Taxon
- A . hippocastanum
Aesculus hippocastanume0 - Interactor
- P . syringae pv. aesculiPseudomonas amygdali pv. aesculie0pathogen
- Outcome
- foliar epiphytee0
- Setting
- UKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P . syringae pv. aesculi was found as a foliar epiphyte on both A . hippocastanum and A . indica trees growing in the UK”
t0“Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi: foliar infection of Aesculus species and temperature–growth relationships”
Claim · model-written summary
P. syringae pv. aesculi occurred as a foliar epiphyte on A. indica in the UK.
- Taxon
- A . indica
Aesculus indicae0 - Interactor
- P . syringae pv. aesculiPseudomonas amygdali pv. aesculie0pathogen
- Outcome
- foliar epiphytee0
- Setting
- UKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P . syringae pv. aesculi was found as a foliar epiphyte on both A . hippocastanum and A . indica trees growing in the UK”
t0“Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi: foliar infection of Aesculus species and temperature–growth relationships”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial challenge produced high asymptomatic foliar infection in all tested Aesculus species.
- Taxon
- A esculuse0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- cell suspensions (10 9 CFU ml −1 ) of P seudomonas syringae pv. aesculie0
- Interactor
- P seudomonas syringae pv. aesculie0pathogen
- Outcome
- asymptomatic infectione0
- Direction
- high levele0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“When A esculus leaves were challenged with cell suspensions (10 9 CFU ml −1 ) of P seudomonas syringae pv. aesculi , a high level of asymptomatic infection occurred in all the species tested.”
t0“Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi: foliar infection of Aesculus species and temperature–growth relationships”
Claim · model-written summary
Re-isolation from A. pavia leaves was 33%.
- Taxon
- A . pavia
Aesculus paviae0 - Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Interactor
- P . syringae pv. aesculiPseudomonas amygdali pv. aesculie1pathogen
- Outcome
- re‐isolation of the bacteriume0
- Value
- 33%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“re‐isolation of the bacterium after surface sterilization of leaves ranged from 33% ( A . pavia )”
t0“Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi: foliar infection of Aesculus species and temperature–growth relationships”
e1“P . syringae pv. aesculi was found as a foliar epiphyte on both A . hippocastanum and A . indica trees growing in the UK”
Claim · model-written summary
Re-isolation from A. hippocastanum leaves was 84%.
- Taxon
- A . hippocastanumAesculus hippocastanume0
- Interactor
- P . syringae pv. aesculiPseudomonas amygdali pv. aesculie1pathogen
- Outcome
- re‐isolation of the bacteriume2
- Value
- 84e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“84 and 97% for A . hippocastanum and A . chinensis , respectively.”
t0“Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi: foliar infection of Aesculus species and temperature–growth relationships”
e1“P . syringae pv. aesculi was found as a foliar epiphyte on both A . hippocastanum and A . indica trees growing in the UK”
e2“re‐isolation of the bacterium after surface sterilization of leaves ranged from 33% ( A . pavia )”
Claim · model-written summary
Re-isolation from A. chinensis leaves was 97%.
- Taxon
- A . chinensis
Aesculus chinensise0 - Interactor
- P . syringae pv. aesculiPseudomonas amygdali pv. aesculie1pathogen
- Outcome
- re‐isolation of the bacteriume2
- Value
- 97%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“84 and 97% for A . hippocastanum and A . chinensis , respectively.”
t0“Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi: foliar infection of Aesculus species and temperature–growth relationships”
e1“P . syringae pv. aesculi was found as a foliar epiphyte on both A . hippocastanum and A . indica trees growing in the UK”
e2“re‐isolation of the bacterium after surface sterilization of leaves ranged from 33% ( A . pavia )”
Claim · model-written summary
Epiphytic and internal bacterial populations may contribute to bleeding canker incidence and spread.
- Taxon
- horse chestnute0
- Interactor
- P . syringae pv. aesculiPseudomonas amygdali pv. aesculie0pathogen
- Outcome
- incidence and spread of bleeding cankere0
- Qualifier
- epiphytic and intrafoliar populationse0
Verbatim
e0“both epiphytic and intrafoliar populations of P . syringae pv. aesculi could play a role in the incidence and spread of bleeding canker of horse chestnut.”
t0“Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi: foliar infection of Aesculus species and temperature–growth relationships”
Claim · model-written summary
Pathogen growth extended to a minimum near minus 4 degrees Celsius.
- Taxon
- A esculust0
- Interactor
- P . syringae pv. aesculiPseudomonas amygdali pv. aesculie0pathogen
- Outcome
- Growth–temperature responses of P . syringae pv. aesculie0
- Value
- approximately −4°Ce0
Verbatim
e0“Growth–temperature responses of P . syringae pv. aesculi indicated a minimum of approximately −4°C”
t0“Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi: foliar infection of Aesculus species and temperature–growth relationships”
Claim · model-written summary
Pathogen growth extended to a maximum near 35 degrees Celsius.
- Taxon
- A esculust0
- Interactor
- P . syringae pv. aesculiPseudomonas amygdali pv. aesculie1pathogen
- Outcome
- Growth–temperature responses of P . syringae pv. aesculie1
- Value
- approximately 35°Ce0
Verbatim
e0“a maximum of approximately 35°C”
t0“Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi: foliar infection of Aesculus species and temperature–growth relationships”
e1“Growth–temperature responses of P . syringae pv. aesculi indicated a minimum of approximately −4°C”
Claim · model-written summary
Pathogen growth optimum was near 25 degrees Celsius.
- Taxon
- A esculust0
- Interactor
- P . syringae pv. aesculiPseudomonas amygdali pv. aesculie1pathogen
- Outcome
- Growth–temperature responses of P . syringae pv. aesculie1
- Value
- approximately 25°Ce0
Verbatim
e0“an optimum of approximately 25°C”
t0“Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi: foliar infection of Aesculus species and temperature–growth relationships”
e1“Growth–temperature responses of P . syringae pv. aesculi indicated a minimum of approximately −4°C”