Abstract
The morphological diversity of leaf surface and structures such as trichomes, stomata, cuticle, and waxes that exists among plant species can have great influence on the adherence and deposition of spray droplets, as well as on herbicide absorption. The aim of this research was to study leaf pH and to evaluate wetting areas after applications of solution surfactants on the following aquatic weeds: Enhydra anagallis, Eichhornia crassipes, Heteranthera reniformis, and Typha subulata. The aquatic weeds were grown in reservoirs containing water under open air conditions and their leaf tissues were collected when the plants reached full development (before flowering). The mean leaf pH varied between 5.50 and 7.50; E. anagallis should be pointed out for presenting the highest pH values, of 6.68 and 7.02 on the upper and lower leaf surfaces, respectively. Surface tension reduction for glyphosate alone (5.0% v v-1), glyphosate + Aterbane BR (5.0% + 0.5% v v-1), glyphosate + Silwet L-77 (5.0% + 0.05% v v-1), and surfactants alone, Aterbane BR (0.5% v v-1), and Silwet L-77 (0.05% v v-1), were, respectively: 72.1; 28.7; 23.3; 37.3, and 22.1 mN m-1.T. subulata was the aquatic species with the highest upper and lower leaf surface wetting area.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Mean leaf pH among aquatic weeds ranged from 5.50 to 7.50.
Verbatim
e0“The mean leaf pH varied between 5.50 and 7.50”
t0“aquatic weed”
e1“the following aquatic weeds: Enhydra anagallis, Eichhornia crassipes, Heteranthera reniformis, and Typha subulata”
Claim · model-written summary
E. anagallis had the highest pH, 6.68 on upper leaves and 7.02 on lower leaves.
Verbatim
e0“E. anagallis should be pointed out for presenting the highest pH values, of 6.68 and 7.02 on the upper and lower leaf surfaces, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate alone produced a surface tension of 72.1 mN m-1.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Surface tension reduction for glyphosate alone (5.0% v v-1), glyphosate + Aterbane BR (5.0% + 0.5% v v-1), glyphosate + Silwet L-77 (5.0% + 0.05% v v-1), and surfactants alone, Aterbane BR (0.5% v v-1), and Silwet L-77 (0.05% v v-1), were, respectively: 72.1; 28.7; 23.3; 37.3, and 22.1 mN m-1”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate with Aterbane BR gave surface tension 28.7 mN m-1.
- Treatment
- glyphosate + Aterbane BR (5.0% + 0.5% v v-1)e0
- Outcome
- Surface tension reductione0
- Value
- 28.7e0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Surface tension reduction for glyphosate alone (5.0% v v-1), glyphosate + Aterbane BR (5.0% + 0.5% v v-1), glyphosate + Silwet L-77 (5.0% + 0.05% v v-1), and surfactants alone, Aterbane BR (0.5% v v-1), and Silwet L-77 (0.05% v v-1), were, respectively: 72.1; 28.7; 23.3; 37.3, and 22.1 mN m-1”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate with Silwet L-77 gave surface tension 23.3 mN m-1.
- Treatment
- glyphosate + Silwet L-77 (5.0% + 0.05% v v-1)e0
- Outcome
- Surface tension reductione0
- Value
- 23.3e0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Surface tension reduction for glyphosate alone (5.0% v v-1), glyphosate + Aterbane BR (5.0% + 0.5% v v-1), glyphosate + Silwet L-77 (5.0% + 0.05% v v-1), and surfactants alone, Aterbane BR (0.5% v v-1), and Silwet L-77 (0.05% v v-1), were, respectively: 72.1; 28.7; 23.3; 37.3, and 22.1 mN m-1”
Claim · model-written summary
Aterbane BR alone gave surface tension 37.3 mN m-1.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Surface tension reduction for glyphosate alone (5.0% v v-1), glyphosate + Aterbane BR (5.0% + 0.5% v v-1), glyphosate + Silwet L-77 (5.0% + 0.05% v v-1), and surfactants alone, Aterbane BR (0.5% v v-1), and Silwet L-77 (0.05% v v-1), were, respectively: 72.1; 28.7; 23.3; 37.3, and 22.1 mN m-1”
Claim · model-written summary
Silwet L-77 alone gave surface tension 22.1 mN m-1.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Surface tension reduction for glyphosate alone (5.0% v v-1), glyphosate + Aterbane BR (5.0% + 0.5% v v-1), glyphosate + Silwet L-77 (5.0% + 0.05% v v-1), and surfactants alone, Aterbane BR (0.5% v v-1), and Silwet L-77 (0.05% v v-1), were, respectively: 72.1; 28.7; 23.3; 37.3, and 22.1 mN m-1”
Claim · model-written summary
T. subulata had the highest upper and lower leaf wetting area.
- Taxon
- T. subulataTypha subulatae0
- Outcome
- upper and lower leaf surface wetting areae0
- Direction
- higheste0
Verbatim
e0“T. subulata was the aquatic species with the highest upper and lower leaf surface wetting area”