Abstract
Abstract Tomato yellow leaf curl bigeminivirus was isolated in Kuwait and therefore designated as TYLCV-K. The virus was found to be transmitted by whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci Genn.), and produced the characteristic external symptoms on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) test plants. Electron microscopy of ultra-thin sections of infected leaves showed alterations in the ultrastructure of some organelles and uneven thickenings of the cell wall of the phloem tissue associated with severe damage in chloroplasts and abnormal building up of oily inclusions and empty vacuoles. The causal virus was characterized as a whitefly-transmitted monopartite Geminivirus. Viral genomic DNA fragment of 1.1 kb was successfully amplified from TYLCV-K infected tissues using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The virus identity was confirmed by using Southern and dot-blot hybridizations. Chemical components of tomato leaves, such as photosynthetic pigments, especially chlorophyll a and b, total lipids, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, reducing sugars and proteins, decreased in infected leaves when compared with healthy leaves of tomato test plants. On the other hand, total phenols accumulated to a greater extent in infected leaves. However, concentration of ascorbic acid (an antioxidant), leaf extract pH and total fatty acids were not dramatically affected by TYLCV-K. The level of increase or decrease of these constituents varied with different stages of plant growth (depending upon the developmental stages of the leaf at the time of infection). Our study showed that the level of some of the chemical constituents in tomato leaves changed in response to TYLCV-K infection.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
TYLCV-K was transmitted by whiteflies.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Interactor
- Bemisia tabaci Genn.
Bemisia tabacie0pest - Outcome
- virus was found to be transmitted by whitefliese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“The virus was found to be transmitted by whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci Genn.)”
Claim · model-written summary
TYLCV-K produced characteristic external symptoms on tomato test plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Interactor
- Tomato yellow leaf curl bigeminiviruse1pathogen
- Outcome
- characteristic external symptomse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“produced the characteristic external symptoms on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) test plants”
e1“Tomato yellow leaf curl bigeminivirus”
Claim · model-written summary
Infected tomato leaves showed altered organelle ultrastructure and uneven phloem cell wall thickening.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Interactor
- Tomato yellow leaf curl bigeminiviruse1pathogen
- Outcome
- alterations in the ultrastructure of some organelles and uneven thickenings of the cell wall of the phloem tissuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“infected leaves showed alterations in the ultrastructure of some organelles and uneven thickenings of the cell wall of the phloem tissue”
e1“Tomato yellow leaf curl bigeminivirus”
Claim · model-written summary
Infected tomato leaves showed severe chloroplast damage and abnormal oily inclusions and empty vacuoles.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Tomato yellow leaf curl bigeminiviruse1pathogen
- Outcome
- severe damage in chloroplasts and abnormal building up of oily inclusions and empty vacuolese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“severe damage in chloroplasts and abnormal building up of oily inclusions and empty vacuoles”
e1“Tomato yellow leaf curl bigeminivirus”
Claim · model-written summary
The causal virus was characterized as a whitefly transmitted monopartite Geminivirus.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- GeminivirusGeminiviridaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- whitefly-transmitted monopartite Geminiviruse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“The causal virus was characterized as a whitefly-transmitted monopartite Geminivirus”
Claim · model-written summary
A 1.1 kb viral genomic DNA fragment was amplified from infected tomato tissue by PCR.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- TYLCV-Ke0pathogen
- Outcome
- Viral genomic DNA fragmente0
- Value
- 1.1 kbe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“Viral genomic DNA fragment of 1.1 kb was successfully amplified from TYLCV-K infected tissues using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)”
Claim · model-written summary
Southern and dot blot hybridizations confirmed the virus identity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- TYLCV-Ke1pathogen
- Outcome
- virus identitye0
- Comparator
- Southern and dot-blot hybridizationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“The virus identity was confirmed by using Southern and dot-blot hybridizations”
e1“TYLCV-K infected tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosynthetic pigments, especially chlorophyll a and b, decreased in infected tomato leaves relative to healthy leaves.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Interactor
- TYLCV-Ke1pathogen
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigments, especially chlorophyll a and be0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- healthy leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“photosynthetic pigments, especially chlorophyll a and b, total lipids, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, reducing sugars and proteins, decreased in infected leaves when compared with healthy leaves of tomato test plants”
e1“TYLCV-K infected tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
Total lipids and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids decreased in infected tomato leaves relative to healthy leaves.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Interactor
- TYLCV-Ke1pathogen
- Outcome
- total lipids, saturated and unsaturated fatty acidse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- healthy leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“total lipids, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, reducing sugars and proteins, decreased in infected leaves when compared with healthy leaves of tomato test plants”
e1“TYLCV-K infected tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
Reducing sugars and proteins decreased in infected tomato leaves relative to healthy leaves.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Interactor
- TYLCV-Ke1pathogen
- Outcome
- reducing sugars and proteinse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- healthy leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“reducing sugars and proteins, decreased in infected leaves when compared with healthy leaves of tomato test plants”
e1“TYLCV-K infected tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
Total phenols accumulated more in infected tomato leaves.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- TYLCV-Ke1pathogen
- Outcome
- total phenolse0
- Direction
- greater extente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“total phenols accumulated to a greater extent in infected leaves”
e1“TYLCV-K infected tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
Ascorbic acid concentration was not dramatically affected by TYLCV-K infection.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- TYLCV-Ke0pathogen
- Outcome
- concentration of ascorbic acide0
- Direction
- not dramatically affectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“concentration of ascorbic acid (an antioxidant), leaf extract pH and total fatty acids were not dramatically affected by TYLCV-K”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf extract pH was not dramatically affected by TYLCV-K infection.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- TYLCV-Ke0pathogen
- Outcome
- leaf extract pHe0
- Direction
- not dramatically affectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“leaf extract pH and total fatty acids were not dramatically affected by TYLCV-K”
Claim · model-written summary
Total fatty acids were not dramatically affected by TYLCV-K infection.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- TYLCV-Ke0pathogen
- Outcome
- total fatty acidse0
- Direction
- not dramatically affectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“total fatty acids were not dramatically affected by TYLCV-K”
Claim · model-written summary
The magnitude of changes in tomato leaf constituents varied with plant growth stage and the leaf stage at infection.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- developmental stages of the leafe0
- Interactor
- TYLCV-Ke1pathogen
- Outcome
- level of increase or decrease of these constituentse0
- Direction
- variede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“The level of increase or decrease of these constituents varied with different stages of plant growth (depending upon the developmental stages of the leaf at the time of infection)”
e1“TYLCV-K infected tissues”