Abstract
Abiotic stress factors can interfere with the emission of herbivore-induced plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and thus disrupt chemical communication channels between plants and other organisms. We investigated whether copper (Cu) stress alone or in conjunction with insect damage modifies the kinetics of (1) VOCs, (2) the VOC-inducing phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA) and (3) its putative antagonist salicylic acid (SA). Hydroponically grown Zea mays exposed to 10 and 80 µM of Cu showed no increases in JA or VOC levels in the absence of herbivory. However when challenged by herbivores, Cu (80 µM) caused ROS generation in root tissues and primed for increased JA accumulation and VOC emission in leaves. SA synthesis was equally primed but higher concentrations were also apparent before insects started feeding. In contrast, plants grown at 10 µM Cu did not differ from controls. These results show that abiotic and biotic stresses result in concentration-dependent, non-additive defense responses. Further support is given to the notion that JA-SA antagonism is absent in Z. mays.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Copper alone did not increase jasmonic acid in maize without herbivory.
- Treatment
- 10 and 80 µM of Cue0
- Outcome
- JAe0
- Direction
- no increasese0
- Qualifier
- in the absence of herbivorye0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hydroponically grown Zea mays exposed to 10 and 80 µM of Cu showed no increases in JA or VOC levels in the absence of herbivory.”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper alone did not increase volatile emissions in maize without herbivory.
- Treatment
- 10 and 80 µM of Cue0
- Outcome
- VOC levelse0
- Direction
- no increasese0
- Qualifier
- in the absence of herbivorye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hydroponically grown Zea mays exposed to 10 and 80 µM of Cu showed no increases in JA or VOC levels in the absence of herbivory.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 80 µM copper with herbivory, maize roots generated reactive oxygen species.
- Organ / stage
- root tissuese0
- Treatment
- Cu (80 µM)e0
- Interactor
- herbivorese0herbivore
- Outcome
- ROS generatione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However when challenged by herbivores, Cu (80 µM) caused ROS generation in root tissues and primed for increased JA accumulation and VOC emission in leaves.”
e1“Hydroponically grown Zea mays exposed to 10 and 80 µM of Cu showed no increases in JA or VOC levels in the absence of herbivory.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 80 µM copper with herbivory, maize leaf jasmonic acid accumulation increased.
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Cu (80 µM)e0
- Interactor
- herbivorese0herbivore
- Outcome
- JA accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However when challenged by herbivores, Cu (80 µM) caused ROS generation in root tissues and primed for increased JA accumulation and VOC emission in leaves.”
e1“Hydroponically grown Zea mays exposed to 10 and 80 µM of Cu showed no increases in JA or VOC levels in the absence of herbivory.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 80 µM copper with herbivory, maize leaf volatile emissions increased.
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Cu (80 µM)e0
- Interactor
- herbivorese0herbivore
- Outcome
- VOC emissione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However when challenged by herbivores, Cu (80 µM) caused ROS generation in root tissues and primed for increased JA accumulation and VOC emission in leaves.”
e1“Hydroponically grown Zea mays exposed to 10 and 80 µM of Cu showed no increases in JA or VOC levels in the absence of herbivory.”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper primed salicylic acid synthesis after herbivore challenge.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA synthesis was equally primed but higher concentrations were also apparent before insects started feeding.”
e1“Hydroponically grown Zea mays exposed to 10 and 80 µM of Cu showed no increases in JA or VOC levels in the absence of herbivory.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid concentrations were higher before insect feeding in copper-treated maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA synthesis was equally primed but higher concentrations were also apparent before insects started feeding.”
e1“Hydroponically grown Zea mays exposed to 10 and 80 µM of Cu showed no increases in JA or VOC levels in the absence of herbivory.”
Claim · model-written summary
Plants at 10 µM copper did not differ from controls.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants grown at 10 µM Cu did not differ from controls”
e1“Hydroponically grown Zea mays exposed to 10 and 80 µM of Cu showed no increases in JA or VOC levels in the absence of herbivory.”
The same questions in other papers
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- negative
- no effect
- negative
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See all 10 papers →copper atom · molecular: metabolites · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- negative
9 papers more in this group
See all 13 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.