Abstract
Genetic differentiation of black cottonwood ( Populus balsamifera subsp. trichocarpa (Torr. & A. Gray ex Hook) Brayshaw) across a “no-cottonwood” belt on the coast of central British Columbia (BC), Canada, was examined using data on 3 year height, severity of infection by Valsa sordida Nitschke and Melampsora occidentalis H. Jacks., and abnormality of leaf flushing. The data were collected in a common-garden test consisting of 180 provenances of 36 drainages ranging from northern BC to Oregon, USA. The results demonstrated an ecotypic mode, north–south regional differentiation. Valsa sordida and M. occidentalis infected 41% and 89%, respectively, of the trees from the northern region, while 66% showed flushing abnormality. In contrast, only 1% and 27% of their southern counterparts were infected by the same diseases, and 1% had abnormal flushing. Trees from the northern region averaged 87% shorter than those from the south. Regional differentiation accounted for the highest amount of variation observed in all traits, with 60% in 3 year height, 34% in V. sordida, 76% in M. occidentalis, and 50% in abnormal leaf flushing. Regression analysis revealed geographic patterns that essentially reflected regional differentiation along the no-cottonwood belt. The species’ distribution biography, ecological characteristics, and life history suggest that restricted gene migration was the main factor responsible for the observed geographic patterns of genetic differentiation.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Cottonwood showed north–south ecotypic differentiation.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The results demonstrated an ecotypic mode, north–south regional differentiation”
Claim · model-written summary
Valsa sordida infected 41% of northern trees.
- Taxon
- treese0
- Interactor
- Valsa sordida
Cytospora chrysospermae0pathogen - Outcome
- infectede0
- Value
- 41%e0
- Setting
- northern regione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Valsa sordida and M. occidentalis infected 41% and 89%, respectively, of the trees from the northern region”
Claim · model-written summary
Melampsora occidentalis infected 89% of northern trees.
Verbatim
e0“Valsa sordida and M. occidentalis infected 41% and 89%, respectively, of the trees from the northern region”
Claim · model-written summary
Flushing abnormality affected 66% of northern trees.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“while 66% showed flushing abnormality”
Claim · model-written summary
Valsa sordida infected 1% of southern trees.
Not reportedTaxonInteractor
Verbatim
e0“only 1% and 27% of their southern counterparts were infected by the same diseases”
Claim · model-written summary
Melampsora occidentalis infected 27% of southern trees.
Not reportedTaxonInteractor
Verbatim
e0“only 1% and 27% of their southern counterparts were infected by the same diseases”
Claim · model-written summary
Abnormal flushing affected 1% of southern trees.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“and 1% had abnormal flushing”
Claim · model-written summary
Northern trees averaged 87% shorter than southern trees.
Verbatim
e0“Trees from the northern region averaged 87% shorter than those from the south”
Claim · model-written summary
Regional differentiation explained 60% of three-year height variation.
Not reportedTaxonSettingDirection
Verbatim
e0“Regional differentiation accounted for the highest amount of variation observed in all traits, with 60% in 3 year height, 34% in V. sordida, 76% in M. occidentalis, and 50% in abnormal leaf flushing”
Claim · model-written summary
Regional differentiation explained 34% of Valsa sordida infection variation.
Not reportedTaxonSettingDirection
Verbatim
e0“Regional differentiation accounted for the highest amount of variation observed in all traits, with 60% in 3 year height, 34% in V. sordida, 76% in M. occidentalis, and 50% in abnormal leaf flushing”
Claim · model-written summary
Regional differentiation explained 76% of Melampsora occidentalis infection variation.
Not reportedTaxonSettingDirection
Verbatim
e0“Regional differentiation accounted for the highest amount of variation observed in all traits, with 60% in 3 year height, 34% in V. sordida, 76% in M. occidentalis, and 50% in abnormal leaf flushing”
Claim · model-written summary
Regional differentiation explained 50% of abnormal leaf flushing variation.
Not reportedTaxonSettingDirection
Verbatim
e0“Regional differentiation accounted for the highest amount of variation observed in all traits, with 60% in 3 year height, 34% in V. sordida, 76% in M. occidentalis, and 50% in abnormal leaf flushing”
Claim · model-written summary
Regression revealed geographic patterns following the no-cottonwood belt.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Regression analysis revealed geographic patterns that essentially reflected regional differentiation along the no-cottonwood belt”
Claim · model-written summary
Restricted gene migration was proposed as the main cause of geographic genetic differentiation.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“restricted gene migration was the main factor responsible for the observed geographic patterns of genetic differentiation”