Abstract
The effects of a typhoon on forest dynamics and the response of major tree species were studied in a warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved forest in southwestern Japan. The strongest typhoon on record (T9313) passed through this region in 1993. Return periods of typhoons over 30 ms−1 in instantaneous wind velocity and T9313 were estimated to be 2.2 and 104.5 years, respectively. Approximately 10% of all stems suffered some damage from T9313 and annual stem mortality rose from 1.3 to 2.7%. The estimated period that the number of stems would fall below 10% of the initial was four years shorter with T9313-class typhoons than without them. Thus, the disturbance by T9313 was not catastrophic at the site although T9313 was an episodic typhoon. The short-term responses of major tree species to T9313 were classified into four types: 1) blunt-response type with little decrease and recruitment of stems in the DBH ≥ 5 cm class (Distylium racemosum), 2) retreat type with larger decrease than recruitment (e.g. Quercus acuta), 3) sharp-response type with a large decrease and much recruitment (e.g. Cinnamomum japonicum), and 4) advance type with less decrease than recruitment (Eurya japonica). Among the four regeneration types classified by previous studies (climax, light-demanding, subcanopy, and few-sapling), the climax and few-sapling types each showed a specific short-term response, the blunt-response and retreat types, respectively, that explains one aspect of the regeneration strategies of each type. On the other hand, the light-demanding or sub-canopy type showed multiple short-term responses, indicating that each regeneration type contains species with various regeneration strategies.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
The return period of typhoons over 30 ms−1 was estimated at 2.2 years.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Return periods of typhoons over 30 ms−1 in instantaneous wind velocity and T9313 were estimated to be 2.2 and 104.5 years, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
The return period of T9313 was estimated at 104.5 years.
- Outcome
- Return periods of typhoons over 30 ms−1 in instantaneous wind velocity and T9313e0
- Value
- 104.5 yearse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Return periods of typhoons over 30 ms−1 in instantaneous wind velocity and T9313 were estimated to be 2.2 and 104.5 years, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
T9313 damaged approximately 10% of all stems.
Verbatim
e0“Approximately 10% of all stems suffered some damage from T9313”
Claim · model-written summary
Annual stem mortality rose from 1.3 to 2.7% after T9313.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“annual stem mortality rose from 1.3 to 2.7%”
e1“damage from T9313”
Claim · model-written summary
The estimated time until stem numbers fell below 10% of initial was four years shorter with T9313-class typhoons.
Verbatim
e0“The estimated period that the number of stems would fall below 10% of the initial was four years shorter with T9313-class typhoons than without them.”
Claim · model-written summary
Distylium racemosum showed little stem decrease and recruitment.
- Taxon
- Distylium racemosum
Distylium racemosume0 - Organ / stage
- DBH ≥ 5 cm classe0
- Outcome
- little decrease and recruitment of stemse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“blunt-response type with little decrease and recruitment of stems in the DBH ≥ 5 cm class (Distylium racemosum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Quercus acuta showed a larger stem decrease than recruitment.
- Taxon
- Quercus acuta
Quercus acutae0 - Outcome
- larger decrease than recruitmente0
- Direction
- larger decreasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“retreat type with larger decrease than recruitment (e.g. Quercus acuta)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cinnamomum japonicum showed a large stem decrease and much recruitment.
- Taxon
- Cinnamomum japonicumCinnamomum insularimontanume0
- Outcome
- a large decrease and much recruitmente0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“sharp-response type with a large decrease and much recruitment (e.g. Cinnamomum japonicum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Eurya japonica showed less stem decrease than recruitment.
- Taxon
- Eurya japonica
Eurya japonicae0 - Outcome
- less decrease than recruitmente0
- Direction
- less decreasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“advance type with less decrease than recruitment (Eurya japonica)”
Claim · model-written summary
Climax species showed a blunt short-term response.
Verbatim
e0“the climax and few-sapling types each showed a specific short-term response, the blunt-response and retreat types, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Few-sapling species showed a retreat short-term response.
Verbatim
e0“the climax and few-sapling types each showed a specific short-term response, the blunt-response and retreat types, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Light-demanding and sub-canopy types showed multiple short-term responses.
Verbatim
e0“the light-demanding or sub-canopy type showed multiple short-term responses”