Abstract
1. The propensity to, and consistency of, flowering of about 340 clones of Saccharum spontaneum collected from six latitudinal belts (from 5⚬ N. to 35⚬ N. in the Indian subcontinent) have been observed at Coimbatore (11⚬ N.) for 6 years. Although all the variants from the three southernmost belts flower at Coimbatore, the number of variants from beyond the twentieth parallel flowering at Coimbatore is inversely related to latitude of origin. This behavior suggests that the clones are bound with respect to flowering to definite photoperiods connected with their native latitudes, and that the limits of latitudinal tolerance which permit them to flower even when displaced vary to some extent among individuals. In regard to consistency, the latitudinally nearer populations flower more consistently (every year or nearly every year) than the farther ones. The tendency is either to flower every year or not to flower at all; the transition from complete readiness to flower to complete inhibition of flowering with increasing latitudinal displacement is mostly quite abrupt. 2. When the clones were transplanted from one latitude (Coimbatore, 11⚬ N.) to another (Karnal, 29⚬42' N.), the northerly transplantation caused flowering to be delayed; the southerly one, to be hastened. The modal difference was about 50 days, and the mean rate was 2.4 ± 0.09 days per latitudinal degree. 3. By use of this value, the approximate time of flowering of each clone in its native habitat was calculated from the observed time of flowering at Coimbatore or Karnal. The calculated date is correlated positively with the ending of the monsoon in that region. This critical season probably acts as a rigorous agent in the natural selection of variants in the region, since any genotype whose growth and flowering pattern do not fit in with the seasonal sequence in the area is likely to be unable to reproduce. The existence of geographical races based on the operation of this factor is shown, and the importance of rainfall on the progress of flowering is emphasized. 4. Possible applications of the findings in sugarcane hybridization with S. spontaneum are: (a) use of normally non-flowering variants as parents by inducing them to flower artificially and (b) use of late-flowering variants or of variants specially sensitive to displacement. Such use might help to reduce the excessive flowering tendency of the hybrids-an undesirable character in commercial sugar canes.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
All variants from the three southernmost belts flowered at Coimbatore.
- Taxon
- Saccharum spontaneum
Saccharum spontaneumt0 - Material
- variants from the three southernmost beltse0
- Outcome
- flowere0
- Setting
- Coimbatoree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all the variants from the three southernmost belts flower at Coimbatore”
t0“Saccharum spontaneum”
Claim · model-written summary
Flowering of variants originating north of the twentieth parallel declined with increasing source latitude.
- Taxon
- Saccharum spontaneumSaccharum spontaneumt0
- Outcome
- number of variants from beyond the twentieth parallel floweringe0
- Direction
- inversely relatede0
- Setting
- Coimbatoree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the number of variants from beyond the twentieth parallel flowering at Coimbatore is inversely related to latitude of origin”
t0“Saccharum spontaneum”
Claim · model-written summary
Populations from nearer latitudes flowered more consistently than distant populations.
- Taxon
- Saccharum spontaneumSaccharum spontaneumt0
- Outcome
- flower more consistentlye0
- Direction
- more consistentlye0
- Comparator
- the farther onese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the latitudinally nearer populations flower more consistently (every year or nearly every year) than the farther ones”
t0“Saccharum spontaneum”
Claim · model-written summary
With greater latitudinal displacement, flowering shifted abruptly from annual occurrence to inhibition.
- Taxon
- Saccharum spontaneumSaccharum spontaneumt0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- complete inhibitione0
- Qualifier
- with increasing latitudinal displacemente0
- Comparator
- complete readiness to flowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the transition from complete readiness to flower to complete inhibition of flowering with increasing latitudinal displacement is mostly quite abrupt”
t0“Saccharum spontaneum”
Claim · model-written summary
Moving clones north delayed flowering.
- Taxon
- Saccharum spontaneumSaccharum spontaneumt0
- Treatment
- northerly transplantatione0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the northerly transplantation caused flowering to be delayed”
t0“Saccharum spontaneum”
Claim · model-written summary
Moving clones south hastened flowering.
- Taxon
- Saccharum spontaneumSaccharum spontaneumt0
- Treatment
- southerly onee0
- Outcome
- floweringe1
- Direction
- hastenede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the southerly one, to be hastened”
e1“flowering to be delayed”
t0“Saccharum spontaneum”
Claim · model-written summary
The transplantation flowering-time difference had a mode of about 50 days.
- Taxon
- Saccharum spontaneumSaccharum spontaneumt0
- Outcome
- modal differencee0
- Value
- about 50 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The modal difference was about 50 days”
e1“flowering to be delayed; the southerly one, to be hastened”
t0“Saccharum spontaneum”
Claim · model-written summary
Flowering shifted at a mean rate of 2.4 ± 0.09 days per degree of latitude.
- Taxon
- Saccharum spontaneumSaccharum spontaneumt0
- Outcome
- mean ratee0
- Value
- 2.4 ± 0.09 days per latitudinal degreee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the mean rate was 2.4 ± 0.09 days per latitudinal degree”
e1“flowering to be delayed; the southerly one, to be hastened”
t0“Saccharum spontaneum”
Claim · model-written summary
Estimated native flowering dates correlated positively with the end of the regional monsoon.
- Taxon
- Saccharum spontaneumSaccharum spontaneumt0
- Outcome
- calculated datee0
- Direction
- correlated positivelye0
- Qualifier
- ending of the monsoone0
- Setting
- that regione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The calculated date is correlated positively with the ending of the monsoon in that region.”
e1“approximate time of flowering of each clone in its native habitat”
t0“Saccharum spontaneum”
Claim · model-written summary
Geographical races associated with the seasonal flowering pattern were reported.
- Taxon
- Saccharum spontaneumSaccharum spontaneumt0
- Outcome
- geographical racese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The existence of geographical races based on the operation of this factor is shown”
t0“Saccharum spontaneum”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose inducing nonflowering S. spontaneum variants to flower for use as sugarcane parents.
- Taxon
- Saccharum spontaneumSaccharum spontaneumt0
- Outcome
- use of normally non-flowering variants as parentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“use of normally non-flowering variants as parents by inducing them to flower artificially”
t0“Saccharum spontaneum”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose using late flowering or displacement sensitive variants in sugarcane hybridization.
- Taxon
- Saccharum spontaneumSaccharum spontaneumt0
- Outcome
- use of late-flowering variants or of variants specially sensitive to displacemente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“use of late-flowering variants or of variants specially sensitive to displacement”
t0“Saccharum spontaneum”