Abstract
A detailed karyotype of Arabidopsis thaliana is presented using meiotic pachytene cells in combination with fluorescence in situ hybridization. The lengths of the five pachytene bivalents varied between 50 and 80 microns, which is 20-25 times longer than mitotic metaphase chromosomes. The analysis confirms that the two longest chromosomes (1 and 5) are metacentric and the two shortest chromosomes (2 and 4) are acrocentric and carry NORs subterminally in their short arms, while chromosome 3 is submetacentric and medium sized. Detailed mapping of the centromere position further revealed that the length variation between the pachytene bivalents comes from the short arms. Individual chromosomes were unambiguously identified by their combinations of relative lengths, arm-ratios, presence of NOR knobs and FISH signals with a 5S rDNA probe and chromosome specific DNA probes. Polymorphisms were found among six ecotypes with respect to the number and map positions of 5S rDNA loci. All ecotypes contain 5S rDNA in the short arms of chromosomes 4 and 5. Three different patterns were observed regarding the presence and position of a 5S rDNA locus on chromosome 3. Repetitive DNA clones enabled us to subdivide the pericentromeric heterochromatin into a central domain, characterized by pAL1 and 106B repeats, which accommodate the functional centromere and two flanking domains, characterized by the 17 A20 repeat sequences. The upper flanking domains of chromosomes 4 and 5, and in some ecotypes also chromosome 3, contain a 5S rDNA locus. The detection of unique cosmids and YAC sequences demonstrates that detailed physical mapping of Arabidopsis chromosomes by cytogenetic techniques is feasible. Together with the presented karyotype this makes Arabidopsis a model system for detailed cytogenetic mapping.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
A detailed Arabidopsis karyotype was presented.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae0 - Outcome
- detailed karyotypee0
- Comparator
- meiotic pachytene cellse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A detailed karyotype of Arabidopsis thaliana is presented using meiotic pachytene cells in combination with fluorescence in situ hybridization.”
Claim · model-written summary
Five pachytene bivalents measured 50 to 80 microns.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Outcome
- lengths of the five pachytene bivalentse0
- Value
- 50 and 80 micronse0
- Qualifier
- 20-25 times longere0
- Comparator
- mitotic metaphase chromosomese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lengths of the five pachytene bivalents varied between 50 and 80 microns, which is 20-25 times longer than mitotic metaphase chromosomes.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromosomes 1 and 5 are metacentric.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Outcome
- chromosomes (1 and 5) are metacentrice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the two longest chromosomes (1 and 5) are metacentric”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromosomes 2 and 4 are acrocentric with subterminal NORs.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Outcome
- chromosomes (2 and 4) are acrocentric and carry NORs subterminally in their short armse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the two shortest chromosomes (2 and 4) are acrocentric and carry NORs subterminally in their short arms”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromosome 3 is submetacentric and medium sized.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Outcome
- chromosome 3 is submetacentric and medium sizede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chromosome 3 is submetacentric and medium sized.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Length variation between pachytene bivalents came from their short arms.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Organ / stage
- short armse0
- Outcome
- length variation between the pachytene bivalentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the length variation between the pachytene bivalents comes from the short arms.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromosomes were identified by lengths, arm ratios, NOR knobs, and FISH signals.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Outcome
- Individual chromosomes were unambiguously identifiede0
- Comparator
- relative lengths, arm-ratios, presence of NOR knobs and FISH signalse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Individual chromosomes were unambiguously identified by their combinations of relative lengths, arm-ratios, presence of NOR knobs and FISH signals with a 5S rDNA probe and chromosome specific DNA probes.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Six ecotypes varied in number and map positions of 5S rDNA loci.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- six ecotypese0
- Gene
- 5S rDNAe0
- Outcome
- Polymorphismse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Polymorphisms were found among six ecotypes with respect to the number and map positions of 5S rDNA loci.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
All ecotypes have 5S rDNA on short arms of chromosomes 4 and 5.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Organ / stage
- short arms of chromosomes 4 and 5e0
- Gene
- 5S rDNAe0
- Outcome
- contain 5S rDNAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All ecotypes contain 5S rDNA in the short arms of chromosomes 4 and 5.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Three patterns of chromosome 3 5S rDNA locus position or presence were observed.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- 5S rDNAe0
- Outcome
- presence and position of a 5S rDNA locus on chromosome 3e0
- Value
- Three different patternse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three different patterns were observed regarding the presence and position of a 5S rDNA locus on chromosome 3.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Repetitive DNA clones resolved pericentromeric heterochromatin into a central and two flanking domains.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- pAL1 and 106B repeatse0
- Outcome
- subdivide the pericentromeric heterochromatine0
- Value
- two flanking domainse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Repetitive DNA clones enabled us to subdivide the pericentromeric heterochromatin into a central domain, characterized by pAL1 and 106B repeats, which accommodate the functional centromere and two flanking domains, characterized by the 17 A20 repeat sequences.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Upper flanking domains of chromosomes 4 and 5, and sometimes 3, contain a 5S rDNA locus.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- 5S rDNAe0
- Outcome
- contain a 5S rDNA locuse0
- Qualifier
- in some ecotypes also chromosome 3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The upper flanking domains of chromosomes 4 and 5, and in some ecotypes also chromosome 3, contain a 5S rDNA locus.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Unique cosmid and YAC detection showed detailed cytogenetic physical mapping is feasible.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Outcome
- detailed physical mapping of Arabidopsis chromosomes by cytogenetic techniques is feasiblee0
- Comparator
- unique cosmids and YAC sequencese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The detection of unique cosmids and YAC sequences demonstrates that detailed physical mapping of Arabidopsis chromosomes by cytogenetic techniques is feasible.”