Abstract
The effects of tillage practice and double cropping on growth, yield and N economies of summer crops were examined in field experiments near Tamworth, northern New South Wales. Sorghum, sunflower, soybean, mungbean, cowpea and pigeon pea were sown into alkaline, black earth soils which contained either high (Site A, sown January 1983), moderate (Site B, sown December 1983), or low concentrations of nitrate (Site C, sown December 1984). During the previous winters, the land had been sown to wheat (double crop) or fallowed using cultivation or no-tillage practices. At Sites A and B, dry matter yields, averaged over all crops, were increased by 34 and 14% under no-tillage. Average increases in grain yields at the two sites were 22 and 11%. At Site C, tillage practice did not affect yields. Soybean showed the greatest responses to no-tillage. Increases in grain yields were 46, 15 and 18% for Sites A, B and C respectively. The least responsive legume was mungbean. Yields of sorghum were increased by 41% at Site A; responses at Sites B and C ranged between a 9% decrease and a 7% increase. With double cropping, grain yields were, on average, 18 (Site A), 81 (Site B) and 72% (Site C) of the yields in the cultivated (fallow) plots. However, when comparisons were made for the 12 month periods, i.e. wheat and summer crops v. fallow and summer crops, production was more than doubled at Site B and tripled at Site C, compared with the cultivated fallow. Significant in the responses to double cropping were the 192 (Site B) and 230 mm rainfalls (Site C) during November and December that replenished the soil profile with water to a depth of >0.75 m. Assessments of soybean N2 fixation using the ureide method indicated large effects of site and season on the proportion of plant N derived from N2 fixation (range, 0-0.83), on the amount of N2 fixed (range, 0-233 kg N ha-1) and on the N balance as a result of the cropping (range, -69 to +45 kg N ha-1).
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
No tillage increased average dry matter yield by 34% at Site A.
- Taxon
- summer cropse0
- Treatment
- no-tillagee1
- Outcome
- dry matter yieldse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 34e1
- Setting
- Sites Ae1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The effects of tillage practice and double cropping on growth, yield and N economies of summer crops were examined”
e1“At Sites A and B, dry matter yields, averaged over all crops, were increased by 34 and 14% under no-tillage.”
Claim · model-written summary
No tillage increased average dry matter yield by 14% at Site B.
- Taxon
- summer cropse0
- Treatment
- no-tillagee1
- Outcome
- dry matter yieldse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 14%e1
- Setting
- Be1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The effects of tillage practice and double cropping on growth, yield and N economies of summer crops were examined”
e1“At Sites A and B, dry matter yields, averaged over all crops, were increased by 34 and 14% under no-tillage.”
Claim · model-written summary
No tillage increased average grain yield by 22% at Site A.
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“The effects of tillage practice and double cropping on growth, yield and N economies of summer crops were examined”
e1“Average increases in grain yields at the two sites were 22 and 11%.”
Claim · model-written summary
No tillage increased average grain yield by 11% at Site B.
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“The effects of tillage practice and double cropping on growth, yield and N economies of summer crops were examined”
e1“Average increases in grain yields at the two sites were 22 and 11%.”
Claim · model-written summary
At Site C, tillage practice did not affect yields.
- Taxon
- summer cropse0
- Treatment
- tillage practicee1
- Outcome
- yieldse1
- Direction
- did not affecte1
- Setting
- Site Ce1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The effects of tillage practice and double cropping on growth, yield and N economies of summer crops were examined”
e1“At Site C, tillage practice did not affect yields.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean had the greatest response to no tillage.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- no-tillagee0
- Outcome
- greatest responsese0
- Direction
- greateste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean showed the greatest responses to no-tillage.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean grain yield increased 46% at Site A under no tillage.
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean”
e1“Increases in grain yields were 46, 15 and 18% for Sites A, B and C respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean grain yield increased 15% at Site B under no tillage.
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean”
e1“Increases in grain yields were 46, 15 and 18% for Sites A, B and C respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean grain yield increased 18% at Site C under no tillage.
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean”
e1“Increases in grain yields were 46, 15 and 18% for Sites A, B and C respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mungbean was the least responsive legume.
- Taxon
- mungbean
.jpg?width=60)
Vigna radiatae0 - Outcome
- least responsive legumee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The least responsive legume was mungbean.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sorghum yield increased 41% at Site A.
SorghumNot reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yields of sorghum were increased by 41% at Site A”
Claim · model-written summary
Sorghum responses at Sites B and C ranged from a 9% decrease to a 7% increase.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“responses at Sites B and C ranged between a 9% decrease and a 7% increase.”
e1“Yields of sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Double cropped grain yields at Site A were 18% of cultivated fallow yields.
- Taxon
- summer cropse0
- Treatment
- double croppinge1
- Outcome
- grain yieldse1
- Value
- 18e1
- Comparator
- cultivated (fallow) plotse1
- Setting
- Site Ae1
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The effects of tillage practice and double cropping on growth, yield and N economies of summer crops were examined”
e1“With double cropping, grain yields were, on average, 18 (Site A), 81 (Site B) and 72% (Site C) of the yields in the cultivated (fallow) plots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Double cropped grain yields at Site B were 81% of cultivated fallow yields.
- Taxon
- summer cropse0
- Treatment
- double croppinge1
- Outcome
- grain yieldse1
- Value
- 81e1
- Comparator
- cultivated (fallow) plotse1
- Setting
- Site Be1
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The effects of tillage practice and double cropping on growth, yield and N economies of summer crops were examined”
e1“With double cropping, grain yields were, on average, 18 (Site A), 81 (Site B) and 72% (Site C) of the yields in the cultivated (fallow) plots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Double cropped grain yields at Site C were 72% of cultivated fallow yields.
- Taxon
- summer cropse0
- Treatment
- double croppinge1
- Outcome
- grain yieldse1
- Value
- 72%e1
- Comparator
- cultivated (fallow) plotse1
- Setting
- Site Ce1
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The effects of tillage practice and double cropping on growth, yield and N economies of summer crops were examined”
e1“With double cropping, grain yields were, on average, 18 (Site A), 81 (Site B) and 72% (Site C) of the yields in the cultivated (fallow) plots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Twelve month production more than doubled at Site B for wheat plus summer crops against fallow plus summer crops.
Verbatim
e0“The effects of tillage practice and double cropping on growth, yield and N economies of summer crops were examined”
e1“wheat and summer crops v. fallow and summer crops, production was more than doubled at Site B and tripled at Site C, compared with the cultivated fallow.”
Claim · model-written summary
Twelve month production tripled at Site C for wheat plus summer crops against fallow plus summer crops.
Verbatim
e0“The effects of tillage practice and double cropping on growth, yield and N economies of summer crops were examined”
e1“wheat and summer crops v. fallow and summer crops, production was more than doubled at Site B and tripled at Site C, compared with the cultivated fallow.”
Claim · model-written summary
November and December rain replenished soil water deeper than 0.75 m at Sites B and C.
Verbatim
e0“The effects of tillage practice and double cropping on growth, yield and N economies of summer crops were examined”
e1“the 192 (Site B) and 230 mm rainfalls (Site C) during November and December that replenished the soil profile with water to a depth of >0.75 m.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean N derived from N2 fixation varied by site and season from 0 to 0.83.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- proportion of plant N derived from N2 fixatione0
- Value
- 0-0.83e0
- Setting
- site and seasone0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean N2 fixation using the ureide method indicated large effects of site and season on the proportion of plant N derived from N2 fixation (range, 0-0.83)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean N2 fixed and cropping N balance varied by site and season.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- amount of N2 fixede0
- Value
- 0-233 kg N ha-1e0
- Setting
- site and seasone0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean N2 fixation using the ureide method indicated large effects of site and season on the proportion of plant N derived from N2 fixation (range, 0-0.83), on the amount of N2 fixed (range, 0-233 kg N ha-1) and on the N balance as a result of the cropping (range, -69 to +45 kg N ha-1).”