Abstract
External morphology and anatomy of the flower and pollen of Bretschneidera sinensis Hemsl. are described to clarify the position of the family Bretschneideraceae relative to the Sapindales and the glucosinolate-producing families. Anatomical and micromorphological characters are investigated and sections are used to understand the structure of the flower. Observation of buds and sections reveal that the flower is obliquely monosymmetric, with the symmetry line running from one petal to a sepal. The upper petal shields the stamens and pistil and becomes positioned apically by the partial resupination of the pedicel. The octomerous androecium is characterized by variable empty positions which are related to the variable insertion of the three carpels. The loss of stamens is linked with a displacement of the remaining stamens. Floral anatomy demonstrates the presence of a nectary extending on the hypanthium from the base of the filaments to the base of the gynoecium. Details of floral anatomy are compared with members of Sapindaceae, Hippocastanaceae, Moringaceae, Akaniaceae, Tropaeolaceae and Capparaceae. Comparison with other characters supports a close relationship with Akaniaceae and Tropaeolaceae in an order Tropaeolales, in concordance with macromolecular results, either at the base of the glucosinolate clade, or in remote connection with the Sapindales. A number of floral anatomical characters with a strong phylogenetic signal are highlighted.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
The flower is obliquely monosymmetric with a symmetry line from one petal to a sepal.
- Taxon
- Bretschneidera sinensis Hemsl.
Bretschneidera sinensise7 - Organ / stage
- flowere0
- Outcome
- obliquely monosymmetric, with the symmetry line running from one petal to a sepale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the flower is obliquely monosymmetric, with the symmetry line running from one petal to a sepal”
e7“Bretschneidera sinensis Hemsl.”
Claim · model-written summary
The upper petal shields stamens and pistil and becomes apical through partial pedicel resupination.
- Taxon
- Bretschneidera sinensis Hemsl.Bretschneidera sinensise7
- Organ / stage
- upper petale0
- Outcome
- shields the stamens and pistil and becomes positioned apicallye0
- Qualifier
- partial resupination of the pedicele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The upper petal shields the stamens and pistil and becomes positioned apically by the partial resupination of the pedicel”
e7“Bretschneidera sinensis Hemsl.”
Claim · model-written summary
The octomerous androecium has variable empty positions related to variable insertion of three carpels.
- Taxon
- Bretschneidera sinensis Hemsl.Bretschneidera sinensise7
- Organ / stage
- androeciume0
- Outcome
- variable empty positionse0
- Qualifier
- variable insertion of the three carpelse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The octomerous androecium is characterized by variable empty positions which are related to the variable insertion of the three carpels”
e7“Bretschneidera sinensis Hemsl.”
Claim · model-written summary
Loss of stamens is linked with displacement of remaining stamens.
- Taxon
- Bretschneidera sinensis Hemsl.Bretschneidera sinensise7
- Organ / stage
- stamense0
- Outcome
- displacement of the remaining stamense0
- Qualifier
- loss of stamense0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The loss of stamens is linked with a displacement of the remaining stamens”
e7“Bretschneidera sinensis Hemsl.”
Claim · model-written summary
A nectary extends on the hypanthium from filament bases to the gynoecium base.
- Taxon
- Bretschneidera sinensis Hemsl.Bretschneidera sinensise7
- Organ / stage
- nectarye0
- Outcome
- extending on the hypanthium from the base of the filaments to the base of the gynoeciume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a nectary extending on the hypanthium from the base of the filaments to the base of the gynoecium”
e7“Bretschneidera sinensis Hemsl.”
Claim · model-written summary
Floral comparisons support a close relationship with Akaniaceae and Tropaeolaceae in Tropaeolales.
- Taxon
- Bretschneidera sinensis Hemsl.Bretschneidera sinensise7
- Outcome
- close relationship with Akaniaceae and Tropaeolaceae in an order Tropaeolalese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“supports a close relationship with Akaniaceae and Tropaeolaceae in an order Tropaeolales”
e7“Bretschneidera sinensis Hemsl.”
Claim · model-written summary
Several floral anatomical characters have a strong phylogenetic signal.
- Taxon
- Bretschneidera sinensis Hemsl.Bretschneidera sinensise7
- Outcome
- floral anatomical characters with a strong phylogenetic signale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A number of floral anatomical characters with a strong phylogenetic signal are highlighted”
e7“Bretschneidera sinensis Hemsl.”