Abstract
Abstract The structure, composition, and dynamics of heathland dominated by Dracophyllum subulatum (monoao) on “frost flats” (plateaus and shallow basins supporting low vegetation and subject to year‐round frosts) at proposed Te Papa Ecological Area, Rangitaiki and Waipapa Ecological Area, Pureora, were investigated. Systematic sampling and subsequent classification identified five frost flat and related communities at Rangitaiki, the three minor ones apparently occupying moister sites of varying drainage and fertility; one frost flat and one related community had previously been identified at Pureora. The floristic affinities of frost flat heathland lie with the largely fire‐induced tussock grasslands of eastern South Island; most of the ubiquitous species have wide ecological amplitudes and several of them are important early colonisers elsewhere in New Zealand. Mean annual diameter growth rates of monoao in the major communities at both localities ranged from 0.5 to 1.2mm yr −1 ; mean annual height growth rates ranged from 1.8 to 8.9 cm yr −1 . Ageing of monoao indicated regeneration waves beginning after disturbance. i.e., fire. with progressive invasion occurring over many decades. Monoao dominance appears to have been maintained by periodic fire. With only feeble replacement in the absence of fire, D. subulatum is likely to be largely superseded by lichens (especially Cladia retipora ) and mosses (Racomitrium lanuginosum) at Rangitaiki, where frosts are too severe for common early successional forest trees and shrubs, and where potentially colonising cold‐hardy shrubs have been very reduced by a long fire history and may be excluded by very infertile soils. Reversion to high forest via early successional forest trees and shrubs is predicted on most sites at Pureora. The persistence of frost flat communities at Rangitaiki is being jeopardised by invasive weeds, mainly Pinus contorta and possibly Hieracium pilosella .
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Mean annual diameter growth rates of monoao in the major communities ranged from 0.5 to 1.2 mm per year.
- Taxon
- Dracophyllum subulatum
Dracophyllum subulatume7 - Outcome
- diameter growth ratese0
- Value
- 0.5 to 1.2mme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“heathland dominated by Dracophyllum subulatum (monoao)”
e0“Mean annual diameter growth rates of monoao in the major communities at both localities ranged from 0.5 to 1.2mm”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean annual height growth rates of monoao ranged from 1.8 to 8.9 cm per year.
- Taxon
- Dracophyllum subulatumDracophyllum subulatume7
- Outcome
- height growth ratese0
- Value
- 1.8 to 8.9 cme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“heathland dominated by Dracophyllum subulatum (monoao)”
e0“mean annual height growth rates ranged from 1.8 to 8.9 cm”
Claim · model-written summary
Ageing of monoao indicated regeneration waves beginning after disturbance, with progressive invasion over many decades.
- Taxon
- Dracophyllum subulatumDracophyllum subulatume7
- Outcome
- regeneration wavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“heathland dominated by Dracophyllum subulatum (monoao)”
e0“Ageing of monoao indicated regeneration waves beginning after disturbance”
Claim · model-written summary
Dominance of monoao appears to have been maintained by periodic fire.
Verbatim
e0“Monoao dominance appears to have been maintained by periodic fire”
Claim · model-written summary
Without fire, D. subulatum is likely to be largely superseded by lichens and mosses at Rangitaiki.
- Taxon
- D. subulatumDracophyllum subulatume0
- Interactor
- Cladia retiporae1other
- Second interactor
- Racomitrium lanuginosum
_0960.JPG?width=60)
Racomitrium lanuginosume2other - Outcome
- largely supersedede0
- Setting
- Rangitaikie2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_0960.JPG?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“D. subulatum is likely to be largely superseded by lichens”
e1“especially Cladia retipora”
e2“mosses (Racomitrium lanuginosum) at Rangitaiki”
Claim · model-written summary
Reversion to high forest via early successional trees and shrubs is predicted on most sites at Pureora.
- Taxon
- Dracophyllum subulatumDracophyllum subulatume7
- Outcome
- Reversion to high foreste0
- Setting
- Pureorae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“heathland dominated by Dracophyllum subulatum (monoao)”
e0“Reversion to high forest via early successional forest trees and shrubs is predicted on most sites at Pureora”
Claim · model-written summary
Persistence of frost flat communities at Rangitaiki is being jeopardised by invasive weeds, mainly Pinus contorta and possibly Hieracium pilosella.
- Taxon
- Dracophyllum subulatumDracophyllum subulatume7
- Interactor
- Pinus contorta
Pinus contortae0weed - Second interactor
- Hieracium pilosella
_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1369110.jpg?width=60)
Pilosella officinarume0weed - Outcome
- persistence of frost flat communitiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1369110.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e7“heathland dominated by Dracophyllum subulatum (monoao)”
e0“The persistence of frost flat communities at Rangitaiki is being jeopardised by invasive weeds, mainly Pinus contorta and possibly Hieracium pilosella”
Claim · model-written summary
Systematic sampling identified five frost flat and related communities at Rangitaiki.
- Taxon
- Dracophyllum subulatumDracophyllum subulatume7
- Outcome
- frost flat and related communitiese0
- Value
- fivee0
- Setting
- Rangitaikie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“heathland dominated by Dracophyllum subulatum (monoao)”
e0“identified five frost flat and related communities at Rangitaiki”
Claim · model-written summary
Floristic affinities of frost flat heathland lie with the tussock grasslands of eastern South Island.
- Taxon
- Dracophyllum subulatumDracophyllum subulatume7
- Outcome
- floristic affinitiese0
- Comparator
- tussock grasslands of eastern South Islande1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“heathland dominated by Dracophyllum subulatum (monoao)”
e0“The floristic affinities of frost flat heathland lie with”
e1“tussock grasslands of eastern South Island”
Claim · model-written summary
Most ubiquitous species of the heathland have wide ecological amplitudes, and several are important early colonisers elsewhere in New Zealand.
- Taxon
- Dracophyllum subulatumDracophyllum subulatume7
- Outcome
- ecological amplitudese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“heathland dominated by Dracophyllum subulatum (monoao)”
e0“most of the ubiquitous species have wide ecological amplitudes”