Abstract
Symptoms of Fusarium head blight on diseased wild rice seed from both cultivated fields and natural stands are shrunken, light weight seeds discolored light tan to light brown with infrequent light pink due to mycelial growth of Fusarium spp. F. graminearum was the predominant species isolated from whole seed at all growth stages, and from shattered seed gathered from four fields in 1994 to 1995. F. anthophilum and F. subglutinans were also frequently isolated at most growth stages, whereas F. acuminatum, F. culmorum, F. solani, and F. semitectum were infrequently isolated at one or more growth stages, and F. camptoceras was isolated only from shattered seed. F. graminearum was the only species isolated from processed seed, although rarely. Fusarium spp. were isolated at the highest percentage from shattered seed. The highest percentage of total Fusarium spp. isolated during seed development was at the milk and dough stages in a cultivated field and at the milk stage in a natural stand; the percentage then declined until the ripe stage in seed from both sites. There were no significant differences in the percentages of Fusarium spp. isolated at growth stages between seed from the cultivated field and from the natural stand. Fusarium spp. were isolated most frequently from whole seed grown in three cultivated fields, compared with the palea and lemma, and caryopsis. F. graminearum and F. anthophilum were frequently isolated from whole seed and all seed structures, whereas F. culmorum and F. sporotrichioides were isolated only from whole seed, F. moniliforme from whole seed, palea and lemma, and caryopsis, and F. subglutinans from whole seed and the palea and lemma only. Deoxynivalenol and nivalenol were identified in three isolates of F. graminearum; however, none of the seed samples from which the isolates were obtained yielded either mycotoxin. Survival of Fusarium spp. in diseased seed was similar from both cultivated and natural sources and occurs in whole seed not immersed in water but not in seed immersed in water.Survival was better in seed stored at 4°C than at -20°C. F. graminearum was reisolated from 81% of seed from inoculated plants but not from seed of noninoculated plants. Pathogenicity of other Fusarium spp. remains to be demonstrated.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Diseased wild rice seeds were shrunken, light weight and discolored, sometimes pink from fungal growth.
- Outcome
- shrunken, light weight seeds discolored light tan to light browne0
FusariumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Symptoms of Fusarium head blight on diseased wild rice seed from both cultivated fields and natural stands are shrunken, light weight seeds discolored light tan to light brown with infrequent light pink due to mycelial growth of Fusarium spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
F. graminearum predominated in whole and shattered seed.
- Taxon
- F. graminearum
_on_Corn_(Zea_mays)_at_Waimea%2C_Hawaii.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium graminearume0 - Organ / stage
- whole seede0
- Outcome
- predominant species isolatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_on_Corn_(Zea_mays)_at_Waimea%2C_Hawaii.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“F. graminearum was the predominant species isolated from whole seed at all growth stages, and from shattered seed gathered from four fields in 1994 to 1995.”
Claim · model-written summary
F. anthophilum was frequently isolated at most growth stages.
- Taxon
- F. anthophilumFusarium anthophilume0
- Outcome
- frequently isolatede0
Verbatim
e0“F. anthophilum and F. subglutinans were also frequently isolated at most growth stages”
Claim · model-written summary
F. subglutinans was frequently isolated at most growth stages.
- Taxon
- F. subglutinans
Fusarium subglutinanse0 - Outcome
- frequently isolatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“F. anthophilum and F. subglutinans were also frequently isolated at most growth stages”
Claim · model-written summary
F. acuminatum was infrequently isolated at one or more growth stages.
- Taxon
- F. acuminatum
Fusarium acuminatume0 - Outcome
- infrequently isolatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“F. acuminatum, F. culmorum, F. solani, and F. semitectum were infrequently isolated at one or more growth stages”
Claim · model-written summary
F. culmorum was infrequently isolated at one or more growth stages and only from whole seed in the seed-structure comparison.
- Taxon
- F. culmorum
.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium culmorume0 - Outcome
- infrequently isolatede0
- Qualifier
- isolated only from whole seede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“F. acuminatum, F. culmorum, F. solani, and F. semitectum were infrequently isolated at one or more growth stages”
e1“F. culmorum and F. sporotrichioides were isolated only from whole seed”
Claim · model-written summary
F. solani was infrequently isolated at one or more growth stages.
- Taxon
- F. solani
_Sacc._5393379.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium solanie0 - Outcome
- infrequently isolatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Sacc._5393379.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“F. acuminatum, F. culmorum, F. solani, and F. semitectum were infrequently isolated at one or more growth stages”
Claim · model-written summary
F. semitectum was infrequently isolated at one or more growth stages.
- Taxon
- F. semitectumFusarium incarnatume0
- Outcome
- infrequently isolatede0
Verbatim
e0“F. acuminatum, F. culmorum, F. solani, and F. semitectum were infrequently isolated at one or more growth stages”
Claim · model-written summary
F. camptoceras occurred only in shattered seed.
- Taxon
- F. camptocerasFusarium camptocerase0
- Outcome
- isolated only from shattered seede0
Verbatim
e0“F. camptoceras was isolated only from shattered seed”
Claim · model-written summary
F. graminearum was rarely isolated from processed seed and was the only species found there.
- Taxon
- F. graminearumFusarium graminearume0
- Outcome
- only species isolated from processed seede0
- Qualifier
- although rarelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“F. graminearum was the only species isolated from processed seed, although rarely.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium isolation was highest in shattered seed and peaked during milk and dough stages in cultivated seed and milk stage in natural seed before declining to ripeness.
- Outcome
- percentagee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- the percentage then declined until the ripe stage in seed from both sitese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fusarium spp. were isolated at the highest percentage from shattered seed.”
e1“The highest percentage of total Fusarium spp. isolated during seed development was at the milk and dough stages in a cultivated field and at the milk stage in a natural stand; the percentage then declined until the ripe stage in seed from both sites.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium isolation percentages did not significantly differ between cultivated and natural seed across growth stages.
- Outcome
- percentages of Fusarium spp. isolatede0
- Direction
- no significant differencese0
- Comparator
- natural stande0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were no significant differences in the percentages of Fusarium spp. isolated at growth stages between seed from the cultivated field and from the natural stand.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium was isolated most frequently from whole seed rather than palea and lemma or caryopsis in three cultivated fields.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fusarium spp. were isolated most frequently from whole seed grown in three cultivated fields, compared with the palea and lemma, and caryopsis.”
Claim · model-written summary
F. graminearum and F. anthophilum were frequent across seed structures; F. sporotrichioides occurred only in whole seed, F. moniliforme in all listed structures, and F. subglutinans in whole seed and palea and lemma.
- Taxon
- F. graminearumFusarium graminearume0
- Outcome
- frequently isolated from whole seed and all seed structurese0
- Qualifier
- F. culmorum and F. sporotrichioides were isolated only from whole seed, F. moniliforme from whole seed, palea and lemma, and caryopsis, and F. subglutinans from whole seed and the palea and lemma onlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“F. graminearum and F. anthophilum were frequently isolated from whole seed and all seed structures, whereas F. culmorum and F. sporotrichioides were isolated only from whole seed, F. moniliforme from whole seed, palea and lemma, and caryopsis, and F. subglutinans from whole seed and the palea and lemma only.”
Claim · model-written summary
Deoxynivalenol and nivalenol were detected in three F. graminearum isolates.
- Taxon
- F. graminearumFusarium graminearume0
- Outcome
- Deoxynivalenol and nivalenole0
- Value
- three isolatese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Deoxynivalenol and nivalenol were identified in three isolates of F. graminearum”
Claim · model-written summary
Neither mycotoxin was detected in the source wild rice seed samples.
- Taxon
- Zizania palustris
Zizania palustrist0 - Outcome
- yielded either mycotoxine0
- Qualifier
- none of the seed samplese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“none of the seed samples from which the isolates were obtained yielded either mycotoxin”
t0“Wild Rice (Zizania palustris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium survival was similar in cultivated and natural seed sources.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Survival of Fusarium spp. in diseased seed was similar from both cultivated and natural sources”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium survived in whole seed without water immersion but not in immersed seed.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Survival of Fusarium spp. in diseased seed was similar from both cultivated and natural sources and occurs in whole seed not immersed in water but not in seed immersed in water.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium survival was better at 4°C than -20°C.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Survival was better in seed stored at 4°C than at -20°C.”
e1“Survival of Fusarium spp. in diseased seed was similar from both cultivated and natural sources”
Claim · model-written summary
F. graminearum was reisolated from 81% of inoculated-plant seed and absent from noninoculated-plant seed.
- Taxon
- F. graminearumFusarium graminearume0
- Treatment
- inoculated plantse0
- Outcome
- reisolatede0
- Value
- 81%e0
- Comparator
- noninoculated plantse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“F. graminearum was reisolated from 81% of seed from inoculated plants but not from seed of noninoculated plants.”