Abstract
Abstract The trend in golf greens construction during the past three decades has been towards putting greens with at least 90% sand and limited amounts of silt, clay, or organic matter. High sand based systems typically have low cation‐exchange capacity (CEC) and large saturated hydraulic conductivities (>30 cm h −1 ), thus, are prone to NO − 3 leaching and possibly contribute to ground or surface water contamination. Clinoptilolite zeolite (CZ) has a high CEC (160 cmol kg −1 ), a large affinity for NH + 4 ions and water molecules that may reduce N leaching on sand based putting greens. The impact of CZ amendment of sand putting greens on N leaching and N uptake by creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera L.) was determined. The lysimeter method was used for growing creeping bentgrass in the greenhouse to determine NO − 3 and NH + 4 leaching potential and fertilizer N use efficiency. Four N levels (0, 98, 196, and 293 kg NH + 4 ‐N ha −1 ) and two media, sand‐CZ mix (9:1, w/w), and unamended sand, were included as treatments. Sand plus CZ had a lowered concentration of NO − 3 and NH + 4 in leachate while doubling the water retention capacity and increasing CEC 200 fold. The greatest reduction of N leaching was found from lysimeters amended with CZ at the highest N rate. Nitrate and NH + 4 leaching was 86 and 99% lower, respectively, than the unamended sand lysimeters. The N fertilizer use efficiency was improved by 16 to 22% with the addition of CZ to sand, depending on N application rate. Amendment of sandy rooting media with clinoptilolite promoted better fertilizer N uptake efficiency and reduced N leaching from a highly leachable soil.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Clinoptilolite in sand lowered nitrate concentration in leachate.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrass
Agrostis stoloniferae1 - Treatment
- CZe0
- Outcome
- NO − 3e0
- Direction
- lowerede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sand plus CZ had a lowered concentration of NO − 3 and NH + 4 in leachate”
t0“Golf Greens”
e1“N uptake by creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera L.) was determined”
e2“Sand plus CZ had a lowered concentration of NO − 3 and NH + 4 in leachate”
Claim · model-written summary
Clinoptilolite in sand lowered ammonium concentration in leachate.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae1
- Treatment
- CZe0
- Outcome
- NH + 4 in leachatee0
- Direction
- lowerede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sand plus CZ had a lowered concentration of NO − 3 and NH + 4 in leachate”
t0“Golf Greens”
e1“N uptake by creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera L.) was determined”
e2“Sand plus CZ had a lowered concentration of NO − 3 and NH + 4 in leachate”
Claim · model-written summary
Clinoptilolite in sand doubled water retention capacity.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae1
- Treatment
- CZe0
- Outcome
- water retention capacitye0
- Direction
- doublinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sand plus CZ had a lowered concentration of NO − 3 and NH + 4 in leachate while doubling the water retention capacity”
t0“Golf Greens”
e1“N uptake by creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera L.) was determined”
e2“Sand plus CZ had a lowered concentration of NO − 3 and NH + 4 in leachate”
Claim · model-written summary
Clinoptilolite in sand increased cation exchange capacity 200 fold.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae1
- Treatment
- CZe2
- Outcome
- CECe0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 200 folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing CEC 200 fold”
t0“Clinoptilolite Zeolite Influence”
e1“N uptake by creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera L.) was determined”
e2“Sand plus CZ had a lowered concentration of NO − 3 and NH + 4 in leachate”
Claim · model-written summary
At the highest nitrogen rate, clinoptilolite amended lysimeters had the greatest nitrogen leaching reduction.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae1
- Treatment
- CZe0
- Outcome
- N leachinge0
- Direction
- greatest reductione0
- Qualifier
- highest N ratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The greatest reduction of N leaching was found from lysimeters amended with CZ at the highest N rate”
t0“Golf Greens”
e1“N uptake by creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera L.) was determined”
e2“Sand plus CZ had a lowered concentration of NO − 3 and NH + 4 in leachate”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate leaching with clinoptilolite was 86% lower than unamended sand.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae1
- Treatment
- CZe2
- Outcome
- Nitratee0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 86e0
- Comparator
- unamended sand lysimeterse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrate and NH + 4 leaching was 86 and 99% lower, respectively, than the unamended sand lysimeters”
t0“Clinoptilolite Zeolite Influence”
e1“N uptake by creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera L.) was determined”
e2“Sand plus CZ had a lowered concentration of NO − 3 and NH + 4 in leachate”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium leaching with clinoptilolite was 99% lower than unamended sand.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae1
- Treatment
- CZe2
- Outcome
- NH + 4 leachinge0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 99%e0
- Comparator
- unamended sand lysimeterse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrate and NH + 4 leaching was 86 and 99% lower, respectively, than the unamended sand lysimeters”
t0“Clinoptilolite Zeolite Influence”
e1“N uptake by creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera L.) was determined”
e2“Sand plus CZ had a lowered concentration of NO − 3 and NH + 4 in leachate”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding clinoptilolite to sand improved nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency by 16 to 22%, depending on nitrogen rate.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae1
- Treatment
- addition of CZ to sande0
- Outcome
- N fertilizer use efficiencye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 16 to 22%e0
- Qualifier
- depending on N application ratee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The N fertilizer use efficiency was improved by 16 to 22% with the addition of CZ to sand, depending on N application rate”
t0“Golf Greens”
e1“N uptake by creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera L.) was determined”
e2“Sand plus CZ had a lowered concentration of NO − 3 and NH + 4 in leachate”
The same questions in other papers
other · nutrient: content · Agrostis stolonifera (creeping bent grass)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- negative
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →other · molecular: metabolites · Agrostis stolonifera (creeping bent grass)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.