Abstract
Field studies were conducted in Pakistan to examine the effects and the interaction of two differentially resistant potato cultivars i.e. Cardinal and Desiree (one partially resistant and one susceptible to Myzus persicae (Sulzer), respectively) with different dosage rates of granular insecticides, at different time intervals after application in relation to percent kill of M. persicae and effects on the parasitoid Aphidius matricariae Haliday (i.e. the third trophic level) within the aphid mummies, percent parasitism and Thimet 10G (phorate) was found about 30% more effective in reducing aphid population than the Furadan 3G (carbofuran). The highest doses of each insecticide caused maximum aphid mortality, in general aphid mortality appeared dose dependent. Mostly all the higher and lower doses of the tested insecticides were about 10% more effective on Cardinal than on Desiree. The most significant result was the synergistic interaction at the lower doses with plant resistance, so that the same level of control was recorded with the second highest dose on Cardinal as with the highest dose on Desiree. Also the same level of control was observed at the lowest dose on Cardinal as with the second last lowest dose on Desiree. Furadan 3G was found least toxic to the A. matricariae in terms of percent parasitism, emergence of parasitoids and number of mature eggs in the emerging females. Furadan 3G gave 13, 15 and 6% higher figures, respectively from the parasitoid characteristics than Thimet 10G. The highest doses of both insecticides were clearly toxic to the parasitoid. In general, the effects on the parasitoid were dose dependent. The second highest dose of Thimet 10G, gave the maximum yield
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Thimet 10G reduced aphid population about 30% more than Furadan 3G.
- Taxon
- Potato
Solanum tuberosumt0 - Treatment
- Thimet 10G (phorate)e0
- Interactor
- aphide0pest
- Outcome
- aphid populatione0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- about 30%e0
- Comparator
- Furadan 3G (carbofuran)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thimet 10G (phorate) was found about 30% more effective in reducing aphid population than the Furadan 3G (carbofuran).”
t0“Potato Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest insecticide doses caused maximum aphid mortality.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- highest doses of each insecticidee0
- Interactor
- aphide0pest
- Outcome
- aphid mortalitye0
- Direction
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest doses of each insecticide caused maximum aphid mortality”
t0“Potato Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Aphid mortality generally depended on insecticide dose.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- dosee0
- Interactor
- aphide0pest
- Outcome
- aphid mortalitye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in general aphid mortality appeared dose dependent”
t0“Potato Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Tested insecticide doses were about 10% more effective on Cardinal than Desiree.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Material
- Cardinale0
- Treatment
- tested insecticidese0
- Outcome
- more effectivee0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Value
- about 10%e0
- Comparator
- Desireee0
Not reportedInteractor
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mostly all the higher and lower doses of the tested insecticides were about 10% more effective on Cardinal than on Desiree.”
t0“Potato Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Second highest dose on Cardinal achieved the same control as highest dose on Desiree.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Material
- Cardinale0
- Treatment
- second highest dosee0
- Outcome
- level of controle0
- Direction
- samee0
- Comparator
- highest dose on Desireee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the same level of control was recorded with the second highest dose on Cardinal as with the highest dose on Desiree”
t0“Potato Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Lowest dose on Cardinal achieved the same control as the second last lowest dose on Desiree.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Material
- Cardinale0
- Treatment
- lowest dosee0
- Outcome
- level of controle0
- Direction
- samee0
- Comparator
- second last lowest dose on Desireee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the same level of control was observed at the lowest dose on Cardinal as with the second last lowest dose on Desiree”
t0“Potato Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Furadan 3G yielded 13% higher parasitoid parasitism than Thimet 10G.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- Furadan 3Ge0
- Interactor
- A. matricariae
Aphidius matricariaee2 - Outcome
- percent parasitisme1
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- Thimet 10Ge0
Not reportedInteractor roleValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furadan 3G gave 13, 15 and 6% higher figures, respectively from the parasitoid characteristics than Thimet 10G.”
e1“percent parasitism, emergence of parasitoids and number of mature eggs in the emerging females”
t0“Potato Cultivars”
e2“A. matricariae”
Claim · model-written summary
Furadan 3G yielded 15% higher parasitoid emergence than Thimet 10G.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- Furadan 3Ge0
- Outcome
- emergence of parasitoidse1
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- Thimet 10Ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furadan 3G gave 13, 15 and 6% higher figures, respectively from the parasitoid characteristics than Thimet 10G.”
e1“percent parasitism, emergence of parasitoids and number of mature eggs in the emerging females”
t0“Potato Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Furadan 3G yielded 6% more mature eggs in emerging parasitoid females than Thimet 10G.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- Furadan 3Ge0
- Outcome
- number of mature eggs in the emerging femalese1
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- Thimet 10Ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furadan 3G gave 13, 15 and 6% higher figures, respectively from the parasitoid characteristics than Thimet 10G.”
e1“percent parasitism, emergence of parasitoids and number of mature eggs in the emerging females”
t0“Potato Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest doses of both insecticides were toxic to parasitoids.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- highest doses of both insecticidese0
- Outcome
- toxic to the parasitoide0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest doses of both insecticides were clearly toxic to the parasitoid.”
t0“Potato Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Effects on the parasitoid were generally dose dependent.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- dosee0
- Outcome
- effects on the parasitoide0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In general, the effects on the parasitoid were dose dependent.”
t0“Potato Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Second highest dose of Thimet 10G gave maximum yield.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- second highest dose of Thimet 10Ge0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The second highest dose of Thimet 10G, gave the maximum yield”
t0“Potato Cultivars”
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