Abstract
A four-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of subsoiling depth on root morphology, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) uptake, and grain yield of spring maize. The results indicated that subsoil tillage promoted root development, increased nutrient accumulation, and increased yield. Compared with conventional soil management (CK), root length, root surface area, and root dry weight at 0–80 cm soil depth under subsoil tillage to 30 cm (T1) and subsoil tillage to 50 cm (T2) were significantly increased, especially the proportions of roots in deeper soil. Root length, surface area, and dry weight differed significantly among three treatments in the order of T2 > T1 > CK at the 12-leaf and early filling stages. The range of variation of root diameter in different soil layers in T2 treatment was the smallest, suggesting that roots were more likely to grow downwards with deeper subsoil tillage in soil. The accumulation of N, P, and K in subsoil tillage treatment was significantly increased, but the proportions of kernel and straw were different. In a comparison of T1 with T2, the grain accumulated more N and P, while K accumulation in kernel and straw varied in different years. Grain yield and biomass were increased by 12.8% and 14.6% on average in subsoil tillage treatments compared to conventional soil treatment. Although no significant differences between different subsoil tillage depths were observed for nutrient accumulation and grain yield, lodging resistance of plants was significantly improved in subsoil tillage to 50 cm, a characteristic that favors a high and stable yield under extreme environments.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Subsoil tillage promoted root development of spring maize compared with conventional soil management.
- Treatment
- subsoil tillagee2
- Outcome
- root developmente2
- Direction
- promotede2
- Comparator
- conventional soil management (CK)e3
- Setting
- field experimente1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A four-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of subsoiling depth on root morphology, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) uptake, and grain yield of spring maize”
e2“The results indicated that subsoil tillage promoted root development, increased nutrient accumulation, and increased yield”
e3“Compared with conventional soil management (CK), root length, root surface area, and root dry weight at 0–80 cm soil depth under subsoil tillage to 30 cm (T1) and subsoil tillage to 50 cm (T2) were significantly increased, especially the proportions of roots in deeper soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsoil tillage to 30 cm significantly increased root length, surface area and dry weight at 0-80 cm compared with CK.
- Treatment
- subsoil tillage to 30 cm (T1)e3
- Outcome
- root length, root surface area, and root dry weighte3
- Direction
- significantly increasede3
- Qualifier
- at 0–80 cm soil depthe3
- Comparator
- conventional soil management (CK)e3
- Setting
- field experimente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A four-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of subsoiling depth on root morphology, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) uptake, and grain yield of spring maize”
e3“Compared with conventional soil management (CK), root length, root surface area, and root dry weight at 0–80 cm soil depth under subsoil tillage to 30 cm (T1) and subsoil tillage to 50 cm (T2) were significantly increased, especially the proportions of roots in deeper soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsoil tillage to 50 cm significantly increased root length, surface area and dry weight at 0-80 cm compared with CK.
- Treatment
- subsoil tillage to 50 cm (T2)e3
- Outcome
- root length, root surface area, and root dry weighte3
- Direction
- significantly increasede3
- Qualifier
- at 0–80 cm soil depthe3
- Comparator
- conventional soil management (CK)e3
- Setting
- field experimente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A four-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of subsoiling depth on root morphology, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) uptake, and grain yield of spring maize”
e3“Compared with conventional soil management (CK), root length, root surface area, and root dry weight at 0–80 cm soil depth under subsoil tillage to 30 cm (T1) and subsoil tillage to 50 cm (T2) were significantly increased, especially the proportions of roots in deeper soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Root length, surface area and dry weight of spring maize differed significantly among the three treatments at the 12-leaf and early filling stages.
- Organ / stage
- 12-leaf and early filling stagese4
- Outcome
- Root length, surface area, and dry weighte4
- Direction
- differed significantlye4
- Qualifier
- in the order of T2 > T1 > CKe4
- Setting
- field experimente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A four-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of subsoiling depth on root morphology, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) uptake, and grain yield of spring maize”
e4“Root length, surface area, and dry weight differed significantly among three treatments in the order of T2 > T1 > CK at the 12-leaf and early filling stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsoil tillage significantly increased accumulation of N, P and K in spring maize.
- Treatment
- subsoil tillage treatmente5
- Outcome
- accumulation of N, P, and Ke5
- Direction
- significantly increasede5
- Setting
- field experimente1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A four-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of subsoiling depth on root morphology, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) uptake, and grain yield of spring maize”
e5“The accumulation of N, P, and K in subsoil tillage treatment was significantly increased, but the proportions of kernel and straw were different”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsoil tillage increased grain yield of spring maize by 12.8% on average compared with conventional soil treatment.
- Treatment
- subsoil tillage treatmentse6
- Outcome
- Grain yielde6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 12.8%e6
- Qualifier
- on averagee6
- Comparator
- conventional soil treatmente6
- Setting
- field experimente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A four-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of subsoiling depth on root morphology, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) uptake, and grain yield of spring maize”
e6“Grain yield and biomass were increased by 12.8% and 14.6% on average in subsoil tillage treatments compared to conventional soil treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsoil tillage increased biomass of spring maize by 14.6% on average compared with conventional soil treatment.
- Treatment
- subsoil tillage treatmentse6
- Outcome
- biomasse6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 14.6%e6
- Qualifier
- on averagee6
- Comparator
- conventional soil treatmente6
- Setting
- field experimente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A four-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of subsoiling depth on root morphology, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) uptake, and grain yield of spring maize”
e6“Grain yield and biomass were increased by 12.8% and 14.6% on average in subsoil tillage treatments compared to conventional soil treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Different subsoil tillage depths did not differ significantly in nutrient accumulation or grain yield of spring maize.
- Treatment
- different subsoil tillage depthse7
- Outcome
- nutrient accumulation and grain yielde7
- Direction
- no significant differencese7
- Setting
- field experimente1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A four-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of subsoiling depth on root morphology, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) uptake, and grain yield of spring maize”
e7“no significant differences between different subsoil tillage depths were observed for nutrient accumulation and grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsoil tillage to 50 cm significantly improved lodging resistance of spring maize.
- Treatment
- subsoil tillage to 50 cme0
- Outcome
- lodging resistance of plantse0
- Direction
- significantly improvede0
- Setting
- field experimente1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A four-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of subsoiling depth on root morphology, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) uptake, and grain yield of spring maize”
e0“lodging resistance of plants was significantly improved in subsoil tillage to 50 cm”
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