Abstract
One and a half tons of Plate wheat, of water content 12·9 per cent., infested by insects, especially the small form of C. oryzae, Rhizopertha , and Laemophloeus , were placed in an iron bin in May 1941. By the following November the wheat was heating near the surface and was extremely heavily infested in the 25 cm. surface layer. The carbon dioxide concentration beneath this layer exceeded 10 per cent. During December the hottest depth in the grain was nearer to the surface. The temperature reached 37°C, 27°C. above air temperature. Many weevils came to the surface in early December and walked off the grain. Then in mid December the grain temperature fell rapidly and reached air temperature by the end of the month. A week later many insects were still alive, but by March 1942 very few living insects were found. The carbon dioxide concentration fell rapidly but rose again in March, presumably due to the increased grain water content and the respiration of micro-organisms. In 1942, conditions became suitable for insect activities in April, and by May an infestation had started, this time predominantly C. granaria. Laemophloeus was also present, having apparently survived the winter in the bin, but neither C. oryzae nor Rhizopertha had survived. Insects were confined to the surface layers by the carbon dioxide present deeper in the bin. Consequently heating did not occur in 1942, and when the grain was moved in October 1942, its temperature was falling after reaching a maximum of 27°C. in August. The effect of the presence of insects upon grain is discussed. It is shown that the conditions arising in the bin resemble those in general storage, except that the use of an open topped bin with airtight sides and bottom caused a much greater accumulation of carbon dioxide than is usual. It is suggested that if the grains infested by weevils are buried in the bulk, heating is likely to occur, whilst if the infestation is superficial the grain may not heat. The part played by weevil larvae in the heating of grain is stressed. It is suggested that regular examination of samples of grain from deep in a bulk should be made for insects and that all bulks should be examined soon after being placed in position. Routine temperature and water content readings should be made at points deep in the grain and about 10–20 cm. below the surface.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Stored wheat heated near the surface and was heavily infested in the 25 cm surface layer by November.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Outcome
- heating near the surfacee0
- Value
- 25 cm.e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“By the following November the wheat was heating near the surface and was extremely heavily infested in the 25 cm. surface layer”
e1“infested by insects”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbon dioxide beneath the infested surface layer exceeded 10%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- carbon dioxide concentratione0
- Value
- 10 per cent.e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The carbon dioxide concentration beneath this layer exceeded 10 per cent.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The hottest grain depth moved nearer the surface during December.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- hottest depth in the graine0
- Direction
- nearer to the surfacee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During December the hottest depth in the grain was nearer to the surface”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain temperature reached 37°C, 27°C above air temperature.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- temperaturee0
- Value
- 37°Ce0
- Qualifier
- 27°C. above air temperaturee0
- Comparator
- air temperaturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The temperature reached 37°C, 27°C. above air temperature”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Many weevils moved to the grain surface in early December.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- weevilsCurculionidaee0pest
- Outcome
- weevils came to the surfacee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Many weevils came to the surface in early December and walked off the grain”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain temperature fell rapidly in mid-December and reached air temperature by month-end.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- grain temperaturee0
- Direction
- fell rapidlye0
- Comparator
- air temperaturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in mid December the grain temperature fell rapidly and reached air temperature by the end of the month”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Many insects remained alive a week after the temperature fell.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- insects were still alivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A week later many insects were still alive”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Very few living insects were found by March 1942.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- very few living insectse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by March 1942 very few living insects were found”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbon dioxide concentration fell rapidly then rose again in March.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- carbon dioxide concentratione0
- Direction
- fell rapidly but rose againe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The carbon dioxide concentration fell rapidly but rose again in March”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
An infestation started by May 1942 and was predominantly C. granaria.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- C. granariae0pest
- Outcome
- infestation had startede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by May an infestation had started, this time predominantly C. granaria”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Laemophloeus was present and apparently survived winter in the bin.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- Laemophloeus
Laemophloeuse0pest - Outcome
- present, having apparently survived the wintere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Laemophloeus was also present, having apparently survived the winter in the bin”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
C. oryzae did not survive winter in the bin.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- C. oryzaee0pest
- Outcome
- had survivede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“neither C. oryzae nor Rhizopertha had survived”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizopertha did not survive winter in the bin.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- Rhizoperthae0pest
- Outcome
- had survivede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“neither C. oryzae nor Rhizopertha had survived”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbon dioxide confined insects to the grain surface in 1942.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- carbon dioxidee0
- Outcome
- Insects were confined to the surface layerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Insects were confined to the surface layers by the carbon dioxide present deeper in the bin”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain did not heat in 1942 and reached a maximum of 27°C in August.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- heating did not occure0
- Value
- 27°C.e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Consequently heating did not occur in 1942, and when the grain was moved in October 1942, its temperature was falling after reaching a maximum of 27°C. in August”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The open topped bin with airtight sides and bottom caused unusually high carbon dioxide accumulation.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- open topped bin with airtight sides and bottome0
- Outcome
- accumulation of carbon dioxidee0
- Direction
- much greatere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the use of an open topped bin with airtight sides and bottom caused a much greater accumulation of carbon dioxide than is usual”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest buried weevil-infested grain is likely to heat, whereas superficial infestation may not.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- weevilsCurculionidaee0pest
- Outcome
- heating is likely to occure0
- Qualifier
- buried in the bulke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“if the grains infested by weevils are buried in the bulk, heating is likely to occur, whilst if the infestation is superficial the grain may not heat”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend regular deep-grain insect sampling and examination soon after storage.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- regular examination of samples of grain from deep in a bulke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“regular examination of samples of grain from deep in a bulk should be made for insects and that all bulks should be examined soon after being placed in position”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend routine temperature and water-content readings deep in grain and 10–20 cm below the surface.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Routine temperature and water content readingse0
- Qualifier
- 10–20 cm. below the surfacee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Routine temperature and water content readings should be made at points deep in the grain and about 10–20 cm. below the surface”
t0“Wheat”