Abstract
Five pathogenic species predominated among the numerous isolates of Fusarium obtained from diseased roots of alfalfa and sweet clover in Alberta. Of these, the closely related species F. avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. and F. arthrosporioides Sherb. appear most important, because they occur commonly and can cause serious injury to the roots, both in the early spring and during the growing season. F. culmorum (W.G.Sm.) Sacc. is very virulent during the summer, but is apparently non-pathogenic in the early spring. At both times F. Poae (Peck) Wr. and F. Scirpi Lamb, et Fautr. var. acuminatum (Ell. et Ev.) Wr. usually behave as weak pathogens. With the exception of F. avenaceum on alfalfa and sweet clover, and F. Scirpi var. acuminatum on alfalfa, these species have not been previously reported as occurring on the host plants indicated.Cardinal temperatures for growth in pure culture were:— F. avenaceum and F. arthrosporioides: − 2°, 24°, and 34 °C.; F. culmorum: 3°, 24° to 27°, and 34° to 36 °C.; F. Poae: −2°, 20° to 24°, and 32 °C.; F. Scirpi var. acuminatum: 1°, 24°, and 34 °C. All five species grew well at hydrogen ion concentrations ranging from pH 4.0 to 9.5. Carbon dioxide concentrations up to 20% had very little effect on the growth of F. avenaceum, F. arthrosporioides, or F. Poae, but the higher concentrations retarded the growth of F. culmorum and F. Scirpi var. acuminatum. The retarding effect of carbon dioxide was greater at 5 °C. than at room temperature.F. avenaceum produced more infection at temperatures up to 24 °C. than at 27 °C. At 27 °C., infection was much lighter in dry soil than in moist soil. F. culmorum caused severe damage at 18° to 27 °C., but did not attack the roots at low temperatures. F. avenaceum usually attacked roots of sweet clover more severely than those of alfalfa. All varieties of both hosts tested proved susceptible. In the absence of wounds, F. avenaceum readily entered roots through the basal tissues of branch roots, or through lenticels. Variant forms of this pathogen, which occurred frequently in pure culture, proved decidedly less pathogenic than the original isolates.Alfalfa and sweet clover roots were attacked by an isolate of F. avenaceum obtained from diseased roots of Vicia Americana, F. avenaceum, F. arthrosporioides, and F. culmorum from alfalfa and sweet clover proved pathogenic to roots of Trifolium spp. and to seedlings of wheat, oats, and barley. Certain isolates from the cereals were pathogenic to roots of alfalfa and sweet clover, and thus certain limits to crop rotation in reducing the root-rot damage caused by these pathogens are indicated.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Five pathogenic Fusarium species predominated in diseased alfalfa and sweet clover roots.
FusariumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Five pathogenic species predominated among the numerous isolates of Fusarium obtained from diseased roots of alfalfa and sweet clover in Alberta.”
Claim · model-written summary
F. avenaceum commonly caused serious root injury in spring and the growing season.
- Taxon
- ALFALFA AND SWEET CLOVERt0
- Interactor
- F. avenaceum
Fusarium avenaceume0pathogen - Outcome
- serious injury to the rootse0
- Qualifier
- early spring and during the growing seasone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Of these, the closely related species F. avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. and F. arthrosporioides Sherb. appear most important, because they occur commonly and can cause serious injury to the roots, both in the early spring and during the growing season.”
t0“ALFALFA AND SWEET CLOVER”
Claim · model-written summary
F. arthrosporioides commonly caused serious root injury in spring and the growing season.
- Taxon
- ALFALFA AND SWEET CLOVERt0
- Interactor
- F. arthrosporioidesFusarium arthrosporioidese0pathogen
- Outcome
- serious injury to the rootse0
- Qualifier
- early spring and during the growing seasone0
Verbatim
e0“Of these, the closely related species F. avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. and F. arthrosporioides Sherb. appear most important, because they occur commonly and can cause serious injury to the roots, both in the early spring and during the growing season.”
t0“ALFALFA AND SWEET CLOVER”
Claim · model-written summary
F. culmorum was very virulent in summer.
- Taxon
- ALFALFA AND SWEET CLOVERt0
- Interactor
- F. culmorum
.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium culmorume0pathogen - Outcome
- very virulente0
- Qualifier
- during the summere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“F. culmorum (W.G.Sm.) Sacc. is very virulent during the summer, but is apparently non-pathogenic in the early spring.”
t0“ALFALFA AND SWEET CLOVER”
Claim · model-written summary
F. culmorum was apparently nonpathogenic in early spring.
- Taxon
- ALFALFA AND SWEET CLOVERt0
- Interactor
- F. culmorumFusarium culmorume0pathogen
- Outcome
- non-pathogenice0
- Qualifier
- in the early springe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“F. culmorum (W.G.Sm.) Sacc. is very virulent during the summer, but is apparently non-pathogenic in the early spring.”
t0“ALFALFA AND SWEET CLOVER”
Claim · model-written summary
F. Poae was usually a weak pathogen.
Verbatim
e0“At both times F. Poae (Peck) Wr. and F. Scirpi Lamb, et Fautr. var. acuminatum (Ell. et Ev.) Wr. usually behave as weak pathogens.”
t0“ALFALFA AND SWEET CLOVER”
Claim · model-written summary
F. Scirpi was usually a weak pathogen.
Verbatim
e0“At both times F. Poae (Peck) Wr. and F. Scirpi Lamb, et Fautr. var. acuminatum (Ell. et Ev.) Wr. usually behave as weak pathogens.”
t0“ALFALFA AND SWEET CLOVER”
Claim · model-written summary
F. avenaceum infection was greater at up to 24 °C than at 27 °C.
- Taxon
- ALFALFA AND SWEET CLOVERt0
- Interactor
- F. avenaceumFusarium avenaceume0pathogen
- Outcome
- infectione0
- Direction
- moree0
- Qualifier
- temperatures up to 24 °C.e0
- Comparator
- 27 °Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“F. avenaceum produced more infection at temperatures up to 24 °C. than at 27 °C.”
t0“ALFALFA AND SWEET CLOVER”
Claim · model-written summary
At 27 °C infection was lighter in dry than moist soil.
Verbatim
e0“At 27 °C., infection was much lighter in dry soil than in moist soil.”
t0“ALFALFA AND SWEET CLOVER”
Claim · model-written summary
F. culmorum caused severe root damage at 18° to 27 °C.
- Taxon
- ALFALFA AND SWEET CLOVERt0
- Interactor
- F. culmorumFusarium culmorume0pathogen
- Outcome
- severe damagee0
- Qualifier
- 18° to 27 °C.e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“F. culmorum caused severe damage at 18° to 27 °C., but did not attack the roots at low temperatures.”
t0“ALFALFA AND SWEET CLOVER”
Claim · model-written summary
F. culmorum did not attack roots at low temperatures.
- Taxon
- ALFALFA AND SWEET CLOVERt0
- Interactor
- F. culmorumFusarium culmorume0pathogen
- Outcome
- did not attack the rootse0
- Qualifier
- low temperaturese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“F. culmorum caused severe damage at 18° to 27 °C., but did not attack the roots at low temperatures.”
t0“ALFALFA AND SWEET CLOVER”
Claim · model-written summary
F. avenaceum attacked sweet clover roots more severely than alfalfa roots.
- Taxon
- sweet clovere0
- Interactor
- F. avenaceumFusarium avenaceume0pathogen
- Outcome
- attacked rootse0
- Direction
- more severelye0
- Comparator
- alfalfae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“F. avenaceum usually attacked roots of sweet clover more severely than those of alfalfa.”
Claim · model-written summary
All tested alfalfa and sweet clover varieties were susceptible.
Verbatim
e0“All varieties of both hosts tested proved susceptible.”
t0“ALFALFA AND SWEET CLOVER”
Claim · model-written summary
F. avenaceum entered unwounded roots through basal tissues of branch roots or lenticels.
- Taxon
- ALFALFA AND SWEET CLOVERt0
- Organ / stage
- basal tissues of branch rootse0
- Interactor
- F. avenaceumFusarium avenaceume0pathogen
- Outcome
- entered rootse0
- Qualifier
- In the absence of woundse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the absence of wounds, F. avenaceum readily entered roots through the basal tissues of branch roots, or through lenticels.”
t0“ALFALFA AND SWEET CLOVER”
Claim · model-written summary
Variant forms of the pathogen were less pathogenic than original isolates.
Verbatim
e0“Variant forms of this pathogen, which occurred frequently in pure culture, proved decidedly less pathogenic than the original isolates.”
t0“ALFALFA AND SWEET CLOVER”
Claim · model-written summary
F. avenaceum isolated from Vicia Americana attacked alfalfa and sweet clover roots.
- Taxon
- Alfalfa and sweet clovere0
- Interactor
- F. avenaceumFusarium avenaceume0pathogen
- Outcome
- roots were attackede0
- Qualifier
- Vicia Americanae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Alfalfa and sweet clover roots were attacked by an isolate of F. avenaceum obtained from diseased roots of Vicia Americana”
Claim · model-written summary
F. avenaceum from alfalfa and sweet clover was pathogenic to Trifolium roots and cereal seedlings.
- Interactor
- F. avenaceumFusarium avenaceume0pathogen
- Outcome
- pathogenic to rootse0
- Qualifier
- seedlings of wheat, oats, and barleye0
TrifoliumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“F. avenaceum, F. arthrosporioides, and F. culmorum from alfalfa and sweet clover proved pathogenic to roots of Trifolium spp. and to seedlings of wheat, oats, and barley.”
Claim · model-written summary
F. arthrosporioides from alfalfa and sweet clover was pathogenic to Trifolium roots and cereal seedlings.
- Interactor
- F. arthrosporioidesFusarium arthrosporioidese0pathogen
- Outcome
- pathogenic to rootse0
- Qualifier
- seedlings of wheat, oats, and barleye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“F. avenaceum, F. arthrosporioides, and F. culmorum from alfalfa and sweet clover proved pathogenic to roots of Trifolium spp. and to seedlings of wheat, oats, and barley.”
Claim · model-written summary
F. culmorum from alfalfa and sweet clover was pathogenic to Trifolium roots and cereal seedlings.
- Interactor
- F. culmorumFusarium culmorume0pathogen
- Outcome
- pathogenic to rootse0
- Qualifier
- seedlings of wheat, oats, and barleye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“F. avenaceum, F. arthrosporioides, and F. culmorum from alfalfa and sweet clover proved pathogenic to roots of Trifolium spp. and to seedlings of wheat, oats, and barley.”
Claim · model-written summary
Certain cereal isolates were pathogenic to alfalfa and sweet clover roots.
Verbatim
e0“Certain isolates from the cereals were pathogenic to roots of alfalfa and sweet clover, and thus certain limits to crop rotation in reducing the root-rot damage caused by these pathogens are indicated.”