Abstract
When a plant increases resource allocation to reproduction from its limited reserves, the allocation to the other functions is reduced. Because of these trade-offs, differences in reproductive allocation are believed to result in relative differences in life history traits. Dioecious plants provide an excellent opportunity for detecting such possible trade-offs in resource allocation. This study aims to present a finding about the gender-based cost of reproductive allocation. The trade-off between reproduction and foliage biomass was examined at different modular levels (shoot/sub-branch, branch, and shrub/tree level). There were no intra-annual trade-offs between reproduction and foliage biomass in either sex of either species at shoot/sub-branch level, branch level and shrub level. Inter-annual trade-offs were detected in females for both species. Inter-annual trade-offs existed at all three different modular levels in R. schneideri females, while the evidence of inter-annual trade-offs was only detected at branch level in R. davurica females. At the population level, the sex ratio was female-biased in 2010, and it did not significantly deviate from 1:1 in 2011 in R. davurica. However, the sex ratios were significantly female-biased in both 2010 and 2011 in R. schneideri. This study has shown that the degree of autonomy of the different plant organs influenced the trade-offs between reproduction and growth, which suggests a species- and sex-dependent modular autonomy.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
No intra-annual trade-off between reproduction and foliage biomass was found in either sex of either Rhamnus species at any modular level.
- Organ / stage
- shoot/sub-branch level, branch level and shrub levele1
- Outcome
- intra-annual trade-offs between reproduction and foliage biomasse1
- Setting
- temperate forests of northeast Chinat0
RhamnusNot reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“two dioecious Rhamnus species in temperate forests of northeast China”
e1“There were no intra-annual trade-offs between reproduction and foliage biomass in either sex of either species at shoot/sub-branch level, branch level and shrub level”
Claim · model-written summary
Inter-annual trade-offs between reproduction and foliage biomass were detected in females of both Rhamnus species.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“two dioecious Rhamnus species in temperate forests of northeast China”
e2“Inter-annual trade-offs were detected in females for both species”
Claim · model-written summary
In R. schneideri females, inter-annual trade-offs existed at all three modular levels.
- Taxon
- R. schneideriRhamnus schneiderie3
- Material
- R. schneideri femalese3
- Organ / stage
- all three different modular levelse3
- Outcome
- Inter-annual trade-offse3
- Setting
- temperate forests of northeast Chinat0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
t0“two dioecious Rhamnus species in temperate forests of northeast China”
e3“Inter-annual trade-offs existed at all three different modular levels in R. schneideri females, while the evidence of inter-annual trade-offs was only detected at branch level in R. davurica females”
Claim · model-written summary
In R. davurica females, evidence of inter-annual trade-offs was detected only at branch level.
- Taxon
- R. davurica
Rhamnus davuricae3 - Material
- R. davurica femalese3
- Organ / stage
- branch levele3
- Outcome
- evidence of inter-annual trade-offse3
- Setting
- temperate forests of northeast Chinat0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“two dioecious Rhamnus species in temperate forests of northeast China”
e3“Inter-annual trade-offs existed at all three different modular levels in R. schneideri females, while the evidence of inter-annual trade-offs was only detected at branch level in R. davurica females”
Claim · model-written summary
At the population level, the sex ratio of Rhamnus was female-biased in 2010.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“two dioecious Rhamnus species in temperate forests of northeast China”
e4“At the population level, the sex ratio was female-biased in 2010, and it did not significantly deviate from 1:1 in 2011 in R. davurica”
Claim · model-written summary
In R. davurica, the sex ratio did not significantly deviate from 1:1 in 2011.
- Taxon
- R. davuricaRhamnus davuricae4
- Outcome
- sex ratioe4
- Qualifier
- did not significantly deviate from 1:1 in 2011e4
- Setting
- temperate forests of northeast Chinat0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“two dioecious Rhamnus species in temperate forests of northeast China”
e4“At the population level, the sex ratio was female-biased in 2010, and it did not significantly deviate from 1:1 in 2011 in R. davurica”
Claim · model-written summary
In R. schneideri, the sex ratios were significantly female-biased in both 2010 and 2011.
- Taxon
- R. schneideriRhamnus schneiderie5
- Outcome
- sex ratiose5
- Qualifier
- female-biased in both 2010 and 2011e5
- Setting
- temperate forests of northeast Chinat0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
t0“two dioecious Rhamnus species in temperate forests of northeast China”
e5“However, the sex ratios were significantly female-biased in both 2010 and 2011 in R. schneideri”
Claim · model-written summary
The degree of autonomy of the different plant organs is suggested to influence trade-offs between reproduction and growth.
- Treatment
- degree of autonomy of the different plant organse6
- Outcome
- trade-offs between reproduction and growthe6
- Setting
- temperate forests of northeast Chinat0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“two dioecious Rhamnus species in temperate forests of northeast China”
e6“This study has shown that the degree of autonomy of the different plant organs influenced the trade-offs between reproduction and growth, which suggests a species- and sex-dependent modular autonomy”