Abstract
During the summer of 2005, an uncharacterized disease was observed on sweet corn ‘Mirai 301BC’ commercially grown in Sunflower County, Mississippi. Initial symptoms developing at the base of the ear on interior husk leaves were brown, water-soaked, irregular lesions. These gradually enlarged up to 10 cm in diameter. Market value was significantly affected when the corn ears had visible symptoms of this disease. Bacterial cell streaming was observed at a magnification of ×675 from the diseased husk. A bacterium was consistently isolated from lesions on nutrient broth yeast (NBY) agar. Colonies on NBY were yellowish white, slightly convex, shiny, and circular with entire margins. Isolates MS102 and MS103, which were chosen for further characterization, were gram negative, lacked arginine dihydrolase, did not produce fluorescent pigment on Pseudomonas F medium, accumulated poly-β-hydroxybutyrate, and grew aerobically. The isolates were able to utilize l-arabinose, d-mannitol, N-acetylglucosamine, capric acid, malic acid, adipic acid, and phenylacetic acid, but not d-maltose. These characteristics are the same as those described previously for Burkholderia gladioli (3). Analysis of fatty acid methyl ester profiles (Sherlock version TSBA 4.10; Microbial Identification System, Newark, DE) characterized the isolates as B. gladioli (similarity indices: 0.23 to 0.38) and revealed that they have C 16:0 3OH, the most characteristic fatty acid for the genus Burkholderia. Confirmation was made by PCR amplification of the nearly complete16S rRNA gene (1,471 bp; GenBank Accession No. EU053154) using universal primers (forward: 5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG and reverse: 5′-GGCTACCTTGTTACGACTTC). DNA sequence analysis demonstrated that the 16S rRNA gene of the bacterium shared highest identities (99.4 to 99.6%) with that of B. gladioli strains 321gr-6, 223gr-1, and S10 (4). A PCR product (approximately 300 bp) characteristic of B. gladioli also was obtained from both isolates using species-specific primers GLA-f and GLA-r (2). To confirm pathogenicity, cell suspensions (10 8 CFU/ml in phosphate buffer) of isolates MS102 and MS103 were injected into interior husk leaves of field-grown sweet corn with a 20-gauge needle and syringe (2 ml per ear). Control corn ear husks were injected with phosphate buffer. After 3 days, ear rot symptoms were observed on all plants inoculated with the isolates but not those injected with phosphate buffer. Cell suspension of isolates dropped on nonwounded husks also incited the same symptoms as those inoculated with the syringe. Koch's postulates were fulfilled with reisolation from the inoculated tissues. The identity of the reisolated pathogen was proved by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. This disease was previously reported in Brazil (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. gladioli causing a disease of corn in the United States. Although the impact of this disease was not observed from 2005 to 2006 because of dry weather and rotation to other crops in the affected field, there is a potential that the bacterium could become established in corn-producing areas as a member of the corn ear rot complex if environmental conditions are favorable. Reference: (1) I. M. G. Almeida et al. Arq. Inst. Biol. Sao Paulo 66:141, 1999. (2) N. Furuya et al. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 68:220, 2002. (3) M. Gillis et al. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 45:274, 1995. (4) R. Nandakumar et al. Phytopathology (Abstr.) 95(suppl.):S73, 2005.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Sweet corn developed brown water-soaked husk lesions that enlarged to 10 cm.
Verbatim
e0“an uncharacterized disease was observed on sweet corn ‘Mirai 301BC’ commercially grown in Sunflower County, Mississippi. Initial symptoms developing at the base of the ear on interior husk leaves were brown, water-soaked, irregular lesions. These gradually enlarged up to 10 cm in diameter”
Claim · model-written summary
Visible ear disease symptoms significantly affected corn market value.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Organ / stage
- corn earse0
- Outcome
- Market valuee0
- Qualifier
- visible symptoms of this diseasee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Market value was significantly affected when the corn ears had visible symptoms of this disease”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial streaming and consistent bacterial isolation were observed from diseased husks.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Interactor
- A bacteriume0pathogen
- Outcome
- Bacterial cell streaminge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacterial cell streaming was observed at a magnification of ×675 from the diseased husk. A bacterium was consistently isolated from lesions on nutrient broth yeast (NBY) agar”
t0“Corn (Zea mays)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fatty acid profiles characterized the isolates as B. gladioli.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Interactor
- B. gladioli
Burkholderia gladiolie0pathogen - Outcome
- characterized the isolates as B. gladiolie0
- Value
- 0.23 to 0.38e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“characterized the isolates as B. gladioli (similarity indices: 0.23 to 0.38)”
t0“Corn (Zea mays)”
Claim · model-written summary
The bacterial 16S rRNA gene had 99.4 to 99.6% identity to B. gladioli strains.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Interactor
- B. gladioliBurkholderia gladiolie0pathogen
- Gene
- 16S rRNA genee0
- Outcome
- highest identitiese0
- Value
- 99.4 to 99.6%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“16S rRNA gene of the bacterium shared highest identities (99.4 to 99.6%) with that of B. gladioli strains 321gr-6, 223gr-1, and S10”
t0“Corn (Zea mays)”
Claim · model-written summary
A species-specific PCR product was obtained from both bacterial isolates.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Interactor
- B. gladioliBurkholderia gladiolie0pathogen
- Outcome
- PCR producte0
- Value
- approximately 300 bpe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A PCR product (approximately 300 bp) characteristic of B. gladioli also was obtained from both isolates”
t0“Corn (Zea mays)”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated sweet corn developed ear rot after three days while buffer controls did not.
- Taxon
- sweet corne0
- Treatment
- cell suspensions (10 8 CFU/ml in phosphate buffer) of isolates MS102 and MS103e0
- Interactor
- Burkholderia gladioliBurkholderia gladiolit0pathogen
- Outcome
- ear rot symptomse1
- Direction
- observed on all plants inoculated with the isolates but not those injected with phosphate buffere1
- Comparator
- phosphate buffere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cell suspensions (10 8 CFU/ml in phosphate buffer) of isolates MS102 and MS103 were injected into interior husk leaves of field-grown sweet corn”
e1“Control corn ear husks were injected with phosphate buffer. After 3 days, ear rot symptoms were observed on all plants inoculated with the isolates but not those injected with phosphate buffer”
t0“Burkholderia gladioli”
Claim · model-written summary
Nonwounded husks inoculated with isolate suspension also developed the same symptoms.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Cell suspension of isolates dropped on nonwounded huskse0
- Interactor
- Burkholderia gladioliBurkholderia gladiolit0pathogen
- Outcome
- same symptomse0
- Direction
- samee0
- Comparator
- those inoculated with the syringee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cell suspension of isolates dropped on nonwounded husks also incited the same symptoms as those inoculated with the syringe”
t0“Corn (Zea mays) Caused by Burkholderia gladioli”
Claim · model-written summary
The pathogen was reisolated and its identity confirmed by 16S sequencing.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Interactor
- Burkholderia gladioliBurkholderia gladiolit0pathogen
- Gene
- 16S rRNA genee0
- Outcome
- reisolation from the inoculated tissuese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Koch's postulates were fulfilled with reisolation from the inoculated tissues. The identity of the reisolated pathogen was proved by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene”
t0“Corn (Zea mays) Caused by Burkholderia gladioli”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors report the first B. gladioli disease of corn in the United States.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Interactor
- B. gladioliBurkholderia gladiolie0pathogen
- Outcome
- first report of B. gladioli causing a disease of corne0
- Setting
- United Statese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this is the first report of B. gladioli causing a disease of corn in the United States”