Abstract
1. Plants of dogbane, grown from seed on a typical upland loam soil at Manhattan, Kansas, under known temperature and precipitation conditions and not subject to competition, were studied at various ages, from the seedling stage through 28 weeks of growth, to determine the nature and rate of development. 2. The root system of well-established plants consisted of the original root (primary vertical) and one to many permanent lateral roots which continued to grow horizontally and on which arose roots that either grew downward directly, or did so after short horizontal growth, to become secondary vertical roots. 3. The plants spread horizontally by means of these permanent lateral roots. The permanent laterals of the first order arose on the primary vertical root. Branch lateral roots (laterals of the second order) arose on the permanent lateral roots of the first order. In a similar manner permanent lateral roots of the third order arose on those of the second, and those of the fourth order on those of the third, etc. Concurrent studies indicated that injury or too severe competition prevents extensive lengthwise growth of the lateral roots of any order. 4. The plants spread radially 112/3 feet and reached a depth of 7 feet in a growing season of 28 weeks. 5. The source of shoot development, other than that arising from the plumule, was from root-borne buds which produced shoots directly (if at the ground line), or rhizomes (if below ground) which in turn gave rise to leafy shoots. There was no regularity to the location of these adventitious buds on the permanent lateral roots. None of these buds was observed on primary or secondary vertical roots. The shoot development of old plants was wholly from root-borne buds. 6. The general type of development of dogbane exhibits certain similarities to, and certain differences from, the type common to field bindweed, hoary cress, and Russian knapweed. The horizontal spread in both types is by means of permanent lateral roots, but in the dogbane type the lateral roots continue to grow horizontally and do not bend downward to produce vertical roots (secondary verticals) as they do in the other type. In the dogbane type, secondary vertical roots arise on the permanent lateral roots. In general, dogbane and field bindweed appear to grow more rapidly, at least in radial spread, for the first growing season of 28 weeks than do hoary cress and Russian knapweed, when all are free from competition. Dogbane had the most rapid vertical penetration in this interval. Dogbane has the coarsest and bindweed the finest roots. The development of shoots appears to be the same in both types. Bindweed was the only one of the four species considered in these studies which flowered during the first growing season.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Established dogbane had a primary vertical root and permanent lateral roots that formed secondary vertical roots.
- Taxon
- Apocynum cannabinum
Apocynum cannabinumt0 - Organ / stage
- root systeme0
- Outcome
- one to many permanent lateral roots which continued to grow horizontallye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The root system of well-established plants consisted of the original root (primary vertical) and one to many permanent lateral roots which continued to grow horizontally and on which arose roots that either grew downward directly, or did so after short horizontal growth, to become secondary vertical roots”
t0“Apocynum cannabinum”
Claim · model-written summary
Dogbane spread horizontally through permanent lateral roots.
- Taxon
- Apocynum cannabinumApocynum cannabinumt0
- Outcome
- spread horizontally by means of these permanent lateral rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The plants spread horizontally by means of these permanent lateral roots”
t0“Apocynum cannabinum”
Claim · model-written summary
First-order lateral roots arose on the primary vertical root.
- Taxon
- Apocynum cannabinumApocynum cannabinumt0
- Outcome
- permanent laterals of the first order arose on the primary vertical roote0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The permanent laterals of the first order arose on the primary vertical root”
t0“Apocynum cannabinum”
Claim · model-written summary
Successive lateral-root orders arose on the preceding order.
- Taxon
- Apocynum cannabinumApocynum cannabinumt0
- Outcome
- Branch lateral roots (laterals of the second order) arose on the permanent lateral roots of the first ordere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Branch lateral roots (laterals of the second order) arose on the permanent lateral roots of the first order. In a similar manner permanent lateral roots of the third order arose on those of the second, and those of the fourth order on those of the third”
t0“Apocynum cannabinum”
Claim · model-written summary
Injury or severe competition prevented extensive lateral-root extension.
- Taxon
- Apocynum cannabinumApocynum cannabinumt0
- Treatment
- injury or too severe competitione0
- Outcome
- lengthwise growth of the lateral rootse0
- Direction
- preventse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“injury or too severe competition prevents extensive lengthwise growth of the lateral roots of any order”
t0“Apocynum cannabinum”
Claim · model-written summary
Dogbane spread radially 112/3 feet in 28 weeks.
- Taxon
- Apocynum cannabinumApocynum cannabinumt0
- Outcome
- spread radiallye0
- Value
- 112/3 feete0
- Qualifier
- 28 weekse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The plants spread radially 112/3 feet and reached a depth of 7 feet in a growing season of 28 weeks”
t0“Apocynum cannabinum”
Claim · model-written summary
Dogbane reached 7 feet depth in 28 weeks.
- Taxon
- Apocynum cannabinumApocynum cannabinumt0
- Outcome
- reached a depthe0
- Value
- 7 feete0
- Qualifier
- 28 weekse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The plants spread radially 112/3 feet and reached a depth of 7 feet in a growing season of 28 weeks”
t0“Apocynum cannabinum”
Claim · model-written summary
Root-borne buds made shoots directly at ground level and rhizomes below ground.
- Taxon
- Apocynum cannabinumApocynum cannabinumt0
- Outcome
- root-borne buds which produced shoots directly (if at the ground line), or rhizomes (if below ground)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root-borne buds which produced shoots directly (if at the ground line), or rhizomes (if below ground) which in turn gave rise to leafy shoots”
t0“Apocynum cannabinum”
Claim · model-written summary
Adventitious buds had no regular position on permanent lateral roots.
- Taxon
- Apocynum cannabinumApocynum cannabinumt0
- Outcome
- no regularity to the location of these adventitious budse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was no regularity to the location of these adventitious buds on the permanent lateral roots”
t0“Apocynum cannabinum”
Claim · model-written summary
No adventitious buds were seen on primary or secondary vertical roots.
- Taxon
- Apocynum cannabinumApocynum cannabinumt0
- Outcome
- None of these buds was observed on primary or secondary vertical rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“None of these buds was observed on primary or secondary vertical roots”
t0“Apocynum cannabinum”
Claim · model-written summary
Old dogbane plants made shoots entirely from root-borne buds.
- Taxon
- Apocynum cannabinumApocynum cannabinumt0
- Outcome
- shoot development of old plants was wholly from root-borne budse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The shoot development of old plants was wholly from root-borne buds”
t0“Apocynum cannabinum”
Claim · model-written summary
Dogbane lateral roots continued horizontally, unlike the other comparison type.
Verbatim
e0“in the dogbane type the lateral roots continue to grow horizontally and do not bend downward to produce vertical roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Dogbane secondary vertical roots arose on permanent lateral roots.
Verbatim
e0“In the dogbane type, secondary vertical roots arise on the permanent lateral roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Dogbane and field bindweed spread radially faster than hoary cress and Russian knapweed in the first 28 weeks.
Verbatim
e0“dogbane and field bindweed appear to grow more rapidly, at least in radial spread, for the first growing season of 28 weeks than do hoary cress and Russian knapweed”
Claim · model-written summary
Dogbane penetrated vertically fastest during the first 28 weeks.
Verbatim
e0“Dogbane had the most rapid vertical penetration in this interval”
Claim · model-written summary
Dogbane had the coarsest roots among compared plants.
Verbatim
e0“Dogbane has the coarsest and bindweed the finest roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Bindweed had the finest roots among compared plants.
Verbatim
e0“Dogbane has the coarsest and bindweed the finest roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot development appeared similar in both compared types.
- Taxon
- Apocynum cannabinumApocynum cannabinumt0
- Outcome
- development of shootse0
- Direction
- samee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The development of shoots appears to be the same in both types”
t0“Apocynum cannabinum”
Claim · model-written summary
Bindweed alone flowered during the first growing season among four compared species.
Verbatim
e0“Bindweed was the only one of the four species considered in these studies which flowered during the first growing season”