Abstract
Abstract Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) production has greatly increased in the U. S. in recent years, with some being produced under irrigation in the Southern Great Plains. However, because of limited water supplies in the Southern Great Plains, sunflower usually is not fully irrigated. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of limited irrigation on sunflower growth, seed yield and quality, oil percent and quality, and water use and use efficiency. Treatments providing one or two irrigations at readily identifiable growth stages were compared with treatments providing no, adequate, and full irrigation. Sunflower irrigated before flowering averaged 17 cm taller than those not irrigated between emergence and flowering. Seed yields averaged highest (2.49 t/ha) with full irrigation, but in individual years, differences between full irrigation and other treatments were not always significant. Usually, the highest seed yield resulted from flowering or late flowering irrigations. These irrigations usually also resulted in the highest seed test weight and weight/seed. Oil percent averaged highest (48.8%) for the emergence plus late flowering irrigation treatment and lowest (43.4%) with the emergence plus budding treatment. Irrigation treatments significantly affected linoleic and oleic acid concentrations of the oil, but the maximum difference among treatments was only four and five percentage units for linoleic and oleic acids, respectively. Total water use increased with increased number of irrigations, but yield increases were not proportional to water use, especially for the adequate and full irrigation treatments. With these treatments, water‐use efficiency was less than for limited irrigation treatments that provided adequate water from flowering to late flowering.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower irrigated before flowering averaged 17 cm taller than sunflower not irrigated between emergence and flowering.
- Taxon
- Sunflower
Helianthus annuuse0 - Treatment
- irrigated before floweringe1
- Outcome
- tallere1
- Direction
- tallere1
- Value
- 17 cme1
- Comparator
- not irrigated between emergence and floweringe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.)”
e1“Sunflower irrigated before flowering averaged 17 cm taller than those not irrigated between emergence and flowering”
Claim · model-written summary
Full irrigation gave the highest seed yield (2.49 t/ha), though differences from other treatments were not always significant in individual years.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- full irrigatione2
- Outcome
- Seed yieldse2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 2.49 t/hae2
- Qualifier
- not always significante2
- Comparator
- other treatmentse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.)”
e2“Seed yields averaged highest (2.49 t/ha) with full irrigation, but in individual years, differences between full irrigation and other treatments were not always significant”
Claim · model-written summary
Usually, irrigation at flowering or late flowering gave the highest seed yield.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- flowering or late flowering irrigationse3
- Outcome
- seed yielde3
- Direction
- higheste3
- Qualifier
- Usuallye3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.)”
e3“Usually, the highest seed yield resulted from flowering or late flowering irrigations”
Claim · model-written summary
Usually, irrigation at flowering or late flowering gave the highest seed test weight and weight per seed.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- flowering or late flowering irrigationse3
- Outcome
- seed test weight and weight/seede4
- Direction
- higheste4
- Qualifier
- usuallye4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.)”
e3“Usually, the highest seed yield resulted from flowering or late flowering irrigations”
e4“These irrigations usually also resulted in the highest seed test weight and weight/seed”
Claim · model-written summary
Oil percent was highest (48.8%) with the emergence plus late flowering irrigation treatment.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- emergence plus late flowering irrigation treatmente5
- Outcome
- Oil percente5
- Direction
- higheste5
- Value
- 48.8%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.)”
e5“Oil percent averaged highest (48.8%) for the emergence plus late flowering irrigation treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Oil percent was lowest (43.4%) with the emergence plus budding irrigation treatment.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- emergence plus budding treatmente6
- Outcome
- Oil percente5
- Direction
- loweste6
- Value
- 43.4%e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.)”
e5“Oil percent averaged highest (48.8%) for the emergence plus late flowering irrigation treatment”
e6“lowest (43.4%) with the emergence plus budding treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation treatments significantly affected linoleic and oleic acid concentrations of the oil, with maximum differences among treatments of only four and five percentage units.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- Irrigation treatmentse7
- Outcome
- linoleic and oleic acid concentrationse7
- Value
- four and five percentage unitse7
- Qualifier
- maximum difference among treatmentse7
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.)”
e7“Irrigation treatments significantly affected linoleic and oleic acid concentrations of the oil, but the maximum difference among treatments was only four and five percentage units for linoleic and oleic acids, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Total water use increased with the number of irrigations.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- number of irrigationse1
- Outcome
- Total water usee1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.)”
e1“Total water use increased with increased number of irrigations”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield increases were not proportional to water use for the adequate and full irrigation treatments.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- adequate and full irrigation treatmentse1
- Outcome
- yield increasese1
- Direction
- not proportionale1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.)”
e1“yield increases were not proportional to water use, especially for the adequate and full irrigation treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
With the adequate and full irrigation treatments, water-use efficiency was lower than with limited irrigation treatments that provided adequate water from flowering to late flowering.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- adequate and full irrigation treatmentse1
- Outcome
- water‐use efficiencye2
- Direction
- lesse2
- Comparator
- limited irrigation treatments that provided adequate water from flowering to late floweringe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.)”
e1“yield increases were not proportional to water use, especially for the adequate and full irrigation treatments”
e2“With these treatments, water‐use efficiency was less than for limited irrigation treatments that provided adequate water from flowering to late flowering”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.