Abstract
Experiments were conducted on nymphs of the pear psylla, Psyllia pyripyri, with various combinations of the following ingredients: Bordeaux (2-40-100), nicotine sulfate, free nicotine, Derrisol, M-P Insecticide, white petroleum oils, pine oil, Hardwood neutral oil, and Penetrol. The trials were made in commercial orchards, using a large spray rig. All the ingredients showed toxicity toward psylla nymphs at the various strengths used. The percentage of dead nymphs varied directly with the proportion of white oil, but nicotine (1-3200) showed a certain toxicity which appears to be but slightly increased by larger dosages. The several ingredients when mixed seemed to increase the destructiveness of the resultant mixture by an amount equal to the sum of the specific toxicities of the components. It is indicated that the nicotine content of psylla nymph sprays can be considerably reduced provided other toxic materials are added which do not react unfavorably with the nicotine. The percentage of white oil can be reduced in the spray mixtures if nicotine in pine oil or Hardwood neutral oil be added. Pine oil and Hardwood neutral oil show promise of reducing materially the nicotine content of the regular spray. Penetrol in bordeaux with reduced nicotine dosage was tested the most extensively and appears to be safe to foliage during the spring application if normal temperatures prevail.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
All tested ingredients were toxic to pear psylla nymphs at the tested strengths.
- Taxon
- Pear
_Poirier_Fleurs_et_feuilles.jpg?width=60)
Pyrus communist0 - Treatment
- ingredientse0
- Outcome
- toxicity toward psylla nymphse0
PsyllaNot reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Poirier_Fleurs_et_feuilles.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Pear Psylla Nymphs”
e0“All the ingredients showed toxicity toward psylla nymphs at the various strengths used”
Claim · model-written summary
Pear psylla nymph mortality rose with the white oil proportion.
- Taxon
- PearPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- white oile0
- Outcome
- percentage of dead nymphse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pear Psylla Nymphs”
e0“The percentage of dead nymphs varied directly with the proportion of white oil”
Claim · model-written summary
Nicotine at 1-3200 was toxic to pear psylla, with only slight gain from higher doses.
- Taxon
- PearPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- nicotine (1-3200)e0
- Outcome
- toxicitye0
- Direction
- slightly increasede0
- Comparator
- larger dosagese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pear Psylla Nymphs”
e0“nicotine (1-3200) showed a certain toxicity which appears to be but slightly increased by larger dosages”
Claim · model-written summary
Ingredient mixtures had approximately additive destructiveness against pear psylla.
- Taxon
- PearPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- ingredients when mixede0
- Outcome
- destructiveness of the resultant mixturee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- componentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pear Psylla Nymphs”
e0“The several ingredients when mixed seemed to increase the destructiveness of the resultant mixture by an amount equal to the sum of the specific toxicities of the components”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors indicate nicotine content can be reduced when other compatible toxic materials are added.
- Taxon
- PearPyrus communist0
- Outcome
- nicotine content of psylla nymph sprays can be considerably reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pear Psylla Nymphs”
e0“nicotine content of psylla nymph sprays can be considerably reduced provided other toxic materials are added which do not react unfavorably with the nicotine”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors indicate white oil proportion can be reduced with nicotine in pine or Hardwood neutral oil.
- Taxon
- PearPyrus communist0
- Outcome
- percentage of white oil can be reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pear Psylla Nymphs”
e0“The percentage of white oil can be reduced in the spray mixtures if nicotine in pine oil or Hardwood neutral oil be added”
Claim · model-written summary
Pine oil and Hardwood neutral oil may materially reduce nicotine content in regular sprays.
- Taxon
- PearPyrus communist0
- Outcome
- reducing materially the nicotine content of the regular spraye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pear Psylla Nymphs”
e0“Pine oil and Hardwood neutral oil show promise of reducing materially the nicotine content of the regular spray”
Claim · model-written summary
Penetrol in Bordeaux with reduced nicotine appeared safe to pear foliage in normal spring temperatures.
- Taxon
- PearPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- Penetrol in bordeaux with reduced nicotine dosagee0
- Outcome
- safe to foliagee0
- Qualifier
- if normal temperatures prevaile0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pear Psylla Nymphs”
e0“Penetrol in bordeaux with reduced nicotine dosage was tested the most extensively and appears to be safe to foliage during the spring application if normal temperatures prevail”
The same questions in other papers
nicotine · Psylla · Pyrus communis (pear)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.