Abstract
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) fiber is sometimes affected by hardlock, which is characterized by a failure of the fiber to expand outward from the boll at maturity. Because affected fiber is inaccessible to mechanical harvesters, yield loss can be considerable. Hardlock has been linked to infection by Fusarium verticillioides. The involvement of flower thrips (Frankliniella spp.), which are commonly found in cotton flowers, was explored. At 1100 h, approximately 10% of cotton flowers contained thrips that were carrying F. verticillioides. The effect of thrips and/or Fusarium in flowers and bolls was explored under greenhouse conditions. Exposing flowers to Fusarium and thrips resulted in bolls with the most severe symptoms. Exposure to either Fusarium or thrips alone resulted in more hardlock than was noted in the control group. The impact of thrips was also evaluated under field conditions. Field plots were treated with insecticides, a fungicide, both, or left untreated. Insecticides reduced thrips numbers and reduced hardlock severity. The fungicide had no impact on thrips numbers and was less effective at reducing hardlock. Combining insecticide and fungicide applications was no more effective than using insecticides alone, although it more frequently increased yield. The untreated control plots generally had the most severe hardlock and lowest yields. Reducing hardlock severity resulted in higher yields, although not consistently. These studies suggest that thrips increase the severity of hardlock, and reducing their numbers may diminish hardlock severity.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
About 10% of cotton flowers contained thrips carrying F. verticillioides at 1100 h
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Second interactor
- F. verticillioides
Fusarium verticillioidese0pathogen - Outcome
- flowers contained thripse0
- Value
- 10%e0
- Qualifier
- At 1100 he0
ThripsOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 1100 h, approximately 10% of cotton flowers contained thrips that were carrying F. verticillioides.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Fusarium and thrips exposure yielded the most severe boll symptoms
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Fusarium and thripse0
- Outcome
- bolls with the most severe symptomse0
- Direction
- most severee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposing flowers to Fusarium and thrips resulted in bolls with the most severe symptoms.”
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium alone increased hardlock over controls
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Fusariume0
- Outcome
- hardlocke0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure to either Fusarium or thrips alone resulted in more hardlock than was noted in the control group.”
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)”
Claim · model-written summary
thrips alone increased hardlock over controls
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- thripse0
- Outcome
- hardlocke0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure to either Fusarium or thrips alone resulted in more hardlock than was noted in the control group.”
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Insecticides reduced thrips numbers
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Insecticidese0
- Outcome
- thrips numberse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Insecticides reduced thrips numbers and reduced hardlock severity.”
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Insecticides reduced hardlock severity
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Insecticidese0
- Outcome
- hardlock severitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Insecticides reduced thrips numbers and reduced hardlock severity.”
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide no impact on thrips numbers
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- fungicidee0
- Outcome
- thrips numberse0
- Direction
- no impacte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fungicide had no impact on thrips numbers and was less effective at reducing hardlock.”
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide less effective on hardlock
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- fungicidee0
- Outcome
- hardlocke0
- Direction
- less effectivee0
Not reportedInteractorInteractor roleComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fungicide had no impact on thrips numbers and was less effective at reducing hardlock.”
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined applications no more effective for no more effective
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Combining insecticide and fungicide applicationse0
- Outcome
- no more effectivee0
- Direction
- no more effectivee0
- Comparator
- using insecticides alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combining insecticide and fungicide applications was no more effective than using insecticides alone, although it more frequently increased yield.”
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined applications increased for yield
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Combining insecticide and fungicide applicationse0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- using insecticides alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combining insecticide and fungicide applications was no more effective than using insecticides alone, although it more frequently increased yield.”
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated plots had most severe hardlock
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- untreated control plotse0
- Outcome
- hardlocke0
- Direction
- most severee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The untreated control plots generally had the most severe hardlock and lowest yields.”
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated plots had lowest yields
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- untreated control plotse0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- loweste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The untreated control plots generally had the most severe hardlock and lowest yields.”
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower hardlock severity was associated with higher yields inconsistently
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Reducing hardlock severitye0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- although not consistentlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reducing hardlock severity resulted in higher yields, although not consistently.”
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors infer that thrips increase hardlock severity
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- severity of hardlocke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These studies suggest that thrips increase the severity of hardlock, and reducing their numbers may diminish hardlock severity.”
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors suggest reducing thrips numbers may diminish hardlock severity
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- reducing their numbers may diminish hardlock severitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These studies suggest that thrips increase the severity of hardlock, and reducing their numbers may diminish hardlock severity.”
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)”
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