Abstract
A seed disease of wheat, rye, and barley, characterized by a more or less conspicuous brown or black discoloration of the kernel, particularly in the region of the embryo, frequently reduces the seed value and usually the sales value of affected grain. A comprehensive review of the relevant literature is given. The name "kernel smudge" is suggested for this disease. Two species of Alternaria (A. tenuis and A. Peglioni) and two of Helminthosporium (H. sativum and H. teres) are the fungi chiefly associated with it in Manitoba. The kernel smudge caused by Alternaria cannot be accurately distinguished from that caused by Helminthosporium, without a laboratory examination of the seed.Extensive trials with wheat have demonstrated that the Alternaria type of kernel smudge does not affect to any marked extent seed germination, plant emergence, intensity of root rot, and yield in the subsequent crop. It was established, however, that H. sativum does reduce germination, seedling emergence, and the yield, and at the same time causes an increased amount of root rot in this crop.Under Manitoba conditions infection of the kernels arises from air-borne spores which are usually deposited in the largest numbers at about the time the kernels are maturing. Contrary to some observations made elsewhere, the disease does not result in shrunken kernels; the largest kernels are frequently infected, and the small, shrunken ones usually free from the disease. Apparently the reason for this is that the large kernels force open their covering glumes, thus affording access to air-borne spores, whereas the glumes of small kernels remain closed and exclude such spores.The seed value of grain attacked by the virulent (H. sativum) type of kernel smudge was increased considerably when such grain was dusted with suitable organic mercury dusts (ethyl mercury phosphate or methyl mercury nitrate). Dusting with copper carbonate was relatively ineffective. The development of kernel smudge in the maturing crop was not prevented by dusting the growing plants with sulphur.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Kernel smudge reduces cereal seed and sales value.
- Taxon
- wheat, rye, and barley
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Hordeum vulgare
Secale cereale
Triticum aestivume0 - Outcome
- seed value and usually the sales valuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“A seed disease of wheat, rye, and barley, characterized by a more or less conspicuous brown or black discoloration of the kernel, particularly in the region of the embryo, frequently reduces the seed value and usually the sales value of affected grain.”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternaria and Helminthosporium species were chiefly associated with Manitoba kernel smudge.
- Taxon
- wheat, rye, and barleyHordeum vulgareSecale cerealeTriticum aestivume1
- Interactor
- Alternaria
Alternariae0pathogen - Second interactor
- Helminthosporium
Helminthosporiume0pathogen - Outcome
- fungi chiefly associated with ite0
- Setting
- Manitobae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two species of Alternaria (A. tenuis and A. Peglioni) and two of Helminthosporium (H. sativum and H. teres) are the fungi chiefly associated with it in Manitoba.”
e1“wheat, rye, and barley”
Claim · model-written summary
The two fungal kernel smudge types cannot be distinguished accurately without seed laboratory examination.
- Taxon
- wheat, rye, and barleyHordeum vulgareSecale cerealeTriticum aestivume1
- Interactor
- AlternariaAlternariae0pathogen
- Second interactor
- HelminthosporiumHelminthosporiume0pathogen
- Outcome
- cannot be accurately distinguishede0
- Comparator
- Helminthosporiume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The kernel smudge caused by Alternaria cannot be accurately distinguished from that caused by Helminthosporium, without a laboratory examination of the seed.”
e1“wheat, rye, and barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternaria kernel smudge had no marked effect on subsequent wheat germination, emergence, root rot or yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Interactor
- AlternariaAlternariae0pathogen
- Outcome
- seed germination, plant emergence, intensity of root rot, and yielde0
- Direction
- does not affect to any marked extente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Extensive trials with wheat have demonstrated that the Alternaria type of kernel smudge does not affect to any marked extent seed germination, plant emergence, intensity of root rot, and yield in the subsequent crop.”
Claim · model-written summary
H. sativum reduced wheat germination, emergence and yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Interactor
- H. sativume0pathogen
- Outcome
- germination, seedling emergence, and the yielde0
- Direction
- reducee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“H. sativum does reduce germination, seedling emergence, and the yield”
e1“Extensive trials with wheat have demonstrated”
Claim · model-written summary
H. sativum increased wheat root rot.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Interactor
- H. sativume0pathogen
- Outcome
- root rote0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“H. sativum does reduce germination, seedling emergence, and the yield, and at the same time causes an increased amount of root rot in this crop.”
e1“Extensive trials with wheat have demonstrated”
Claim · model-written summary
In Manitoba, airborne spores infected kernels around maturation.
- Taxon
- wheat, rye, and barleyHordeum vulgareSecale cerealeTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- kernelse0
- Outcome
- infection of the kernels arises from air-borne sporese0
- Setting
- Manitobae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under Manitoba conditions infection of the kernels arises from air-borne spores which are usually deposited in the largest numbers at about the time the kernels are maturing.”
e1“wheat, rye, and barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Kernel smudge did not produce shrunken kernels; large kernels were often infected.
- Taxon
- wheat, rye, and barleyHordeum vulgareSecale cerealeTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- kernelse0
- Outcome
- largest kernels are frequently infectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the disease does not result in shrunken kernels; the largest kernels are frequently infected, and the small, shrunken ones usually free from the disease.”
e1“wheat, rye, and barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic mercury seed dusting increased seed value of H. sativum affected grain.
- Taxon
- wheat, rye, and barleyHordeum vulgareSecale cerealeTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- organic mercury dustse0
- Interactor
- H. sativume0pathogen
- Outcome
- seed valuee0
- Direction
- increased considerablye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The seed value of grain attacked by the virulent (H. sativum) type of kernel smudge was increased considerably when such grain was dusted with suitable organic mercury dusts (ethyl mercury phosphate or methyl mercury nitrate).”
e1“wheat, rye, and barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper carbonate dusting was relatively ineffective.
- Taxon
- wheat, rye, and barleyHordeum vulgareSecale cerealeTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- copper carbonatee0
- Outcome
- relatively ineffectivee0
- Direction
- relatively ineffectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dusting with copper carbonate was relatively ineffective.”
e1“wheat, rye, and barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphur dusting did not prevent kernel smudge in maturing crops.
- Taxon
- wheat, rye, and barleyHordeum vulgareSecale cerealeTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- dusting the growing plants with sulphure0
- Outcome
- development of kernel smudgee0
- Direction
- not preventede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The development of kernel smudge in the maturing crop was not prevented by dusting the growing plants with sulphur.”
e1“wheat, rye, and barley”
The same questions in other papers
sulfur atom · growth · Hordeum vulgare (barley)Positive and negative results
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sulfur atom · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
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See all 33 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.