Abstract
Soybean rust, caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is a devastating foliar disease of soybean that may cause significant yield losses if not managed by well-timed fungicide applications. To determine the effect of fungicide timing on soybean rust severity and soybean yield, field trials were completed in Paraguay (four locations), the United States (two locations), and Zimbabwe (one location) from 2005 to 2006. Treatments at each location included applications of tebuconazole, pyraclostrobin, or a combination of azoxystrobin + propiconazole, and in some locations pyraclostrobin + tebuconazole at the following soybean growth stages (GS): (i) GS R1 (beginning flowering), (ii) GS R3 (beginning pod), (iii) GS R5 (beginning seed), (iv) GS R1 + R3, (v) GS R3 + R5, and (vi) GS R1 + R3 + R5. Soybean yields from plots treated with fungicides were 16 to 114% greater than yields from no fungicide control plots in four locations in Paraguay, 12 to 55% greater in two locations in the United States, and 31% greater in Zimbabwe. In all locations, rust severity measured over time as area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was negatively correlated (r = -0.3, P < 0.0001) to yield. The effectiveness of any given treatment (timing of application and product applied) was often dependent on when rust was first detected and the intensity of its development. For example, when soybean rust was first observed before GS R3 (two locations in Paraguay), the plants in plots treated with a fungicide at GS R1 had the lowest AUPDC values and highest yields. When soybean rust was first observed after GS R3, plants treated with a fungicide at GS R3 and/or GS R5 had the lowest AUDPC values and highest yields with a few exceptions.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicides raised soybean yield by 16–114% in Paraguay relative to untreated plots.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- fungicidese0
- Outcome
- Soybean yieldse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 16 to 114%e0
- Comparator
- no fungicide control plotse0
- Setting
- Paraguaye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean yields from plots treated with fungicides were 16 to 114% greater than yields from no fungicide control plots in four locations in Paraguay”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicides raised soybean yield by 12–55% in the United States.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- fungicidese1
- Outcome
- Soybean yieldse1
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 12 to 55%e0
- Comparator
- no fungicide control plotse1
- Setting
- United Statese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“12 to 55% greater in two locations in the United States”
e1“Soybean yields from plots treated with fungicides were 16 to 114% greater than yields from no fungicide control plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicides raised soybean yield by 31% in Zimbabwe.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- fungicidese1
- Outcome
- Soybean yieldse1
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 31%e0
- Comparator
- no fungicide control plotse1
- Setting
- Zimbabwee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“31% greater in Zimbabwe”
e1“Soybean yields from plots treated with fungicides were 16 to 114% greater than yields from no fungicide control plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Rust severity over time was negatively correlated with yield across locations.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Interactor
- Phakopsora pachyrhiziPhakopsora pachyrhizie1pathogen
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- negatively correlatede0
- Value
- r = -0.3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In all locations, rust severity measured over time as area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was negatively correlated (r = -0.3, P < 0.0001) to yield”
e1“Soybean rust, caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment effectiveness depended on when rust was detected and disease intensity.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- timing of application and product appliede0
- Outcome
- effectiveness of any given treatmente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effectiveness of any given treatment (timing of application and product applied) was often dependent on when rust was first detected and the intensity of its development”
e1“Soybean rust”
Claim · model-written summary
When rust appeared before R3, R1 fungicide gave the lowest disease progress and highest yields.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- a fungicide at GS R1e0
- Outcome
- AUPDC values and highest yieldse0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Setting
- Paraguaye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“when soybean rust was first observed before GS R3 (two locations in Paraguay), the plants in plots treated with a fungicide at GS R1 had the lowest AUPDC values and highest yields”
Claim · model-written summary
When rust appeared after R3, R3 or R5 treatment usually gave the lowest disease progress and highest yields.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- a fungicide at GS R3 and/or GS R5e0
- Outcome
- AUDPC values and highest yieldse0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Qualifier
- with a few exceptionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When soybean rust was first observed after GS R3, plants treated with a fungicide at GS R3 and/or GS R5 had the lowest AUDPC values and highest yields with a few exceptions”
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