Abstract
Conservation tillage is becoming increasingly attractive to farmers because it involves lower production costs than does conventional tillage. The long-term effects of sub-soiling tillage (ST), no tillage (NT), and conventional tillage (CT) on soil properties and crop yields were investigated over an 8-year period (2000–07). The study was conducted in a 2-crop-a-year region (Daxing) and a 1-crop-a-year region (Changping) of the Beijing area in China. At 0–0.30 m soil depth, water stability of macro-aggregates (>0.25 mm) was much greater for ST (22.1%) and NT (12.0%) than for CT in Daxing, and the improvements in Changping were 18.9% and 9.5%, respectively. ST and NT significantly (P < 0.05) improved aeration porosity by 14.5% and 10.6%, respectively, at Daxing and by 17.0% and 8.6% at Changping compared with CT treatment. Soil bulk density after 8 years was 0.8–1.5% lower in ST and NT treatments than in CT at both sites. Soil organic matter and available N and P followed the same order ST ≈ NT > CT at both sites. Consequently, crop yields in ST and NT plots were higher than in CT plots due to improved soil physical and chemical properties. Within the conservation tillage treatments, despite similar economic benefit, the effects on crop yields for ST were better than for NT. Mean (2000–07) crop yields for ST were 0.2% and 1.5% higher than for NT at Daxing and Changping, respectively. We therefore conclude that ST is the most suitable conservation tillage practice for annual 2-crop-a-year and 1-crop-a-year regions in the Beijing area.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
ST improved macro-aggregate water stability by 22.1% at Daxing versus CT.
- Taxon
- maize and wheat
Triticum aestivum
Zea mayst0 - Treatment
- STe0
- Outcome
- water stability of macro-aggregatese0
- Direction
- much greatere0
- Value
- 22.1%e0
- Comparator
- CTe0
- Setting
- Daxinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water stability of macro-aggregates (>0.25 mm) was much greater for ST (22.1%) and NT (12.0%) than for CT in Daxing”
t0“maize and wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
NT improved macro-aggregate water stability by 12.0% at Daxing versus CT.
- Taxon
- maize and wheatTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- NTe0
- Outcome
- water stability of macro-aggregatese0
- Direction
- much greatere0
- Value
- 12.0%e0
- Comparator
- CTe0
- Setting
- Daxinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water stability of macro-aggregates (>0.25 mm) was much greater for ST (22.1%) and NT (12.0%) than for CT in Daxing”
t0“maize and wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
ST improved macro-aggregate water stability by 18.9% at Changping.
- Taxon
- maize and wheatTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- STe1
- Outcome
- water stability of macro-aggregatese1
- Direction
- improvementse0
- Value
- 18.9%e0
- Comparator
- CTe1
- Setting
- Changpinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improvements in Changping were 18.9% and 9.5%, respectively”
t0“maize and wheat”
e1“The long-term effects of sub-soiling tillage (ST), no tillage (NT), and conventional tillage (CT) on soil properties and crop yields were investigated over an 8-year period (2000–07). The study was conducted in a 2-crop-a-year region (Daxing) and a 1-crop-a-year region (Changping) of the Beijing area in China. At 0–0.30 m soil depth, water stability of macro-aggregates (>0.25 mm) was much greater for ST (22.1%) and NT (12.0%) than for CT in Daxing”
Claim · model-written summary
NT improved macro-aggregate water stability by 9.5% at Changping.
- Taxon
- maize and wheatTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- NTe1
- Outcome
- water stability of macro-aggregatese1
- Direction
- improvementse0
- Value
- 9.5%e0
- Comparator
- CTe1
- Setting
- Changpinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improvements in Changping were 18.9% and 9.5%, respectively”
t0“maize and wheat”
e1“The long-term effects of sub-soiling tillage (ST), no tillage (NT), and conventional tillage (CT) on soil properties and crop yields were investigated over an 8-year period (2000–07). The study was conducted in a 2-crop-a-year region (Daxing) and a 1-crop-a-year region (Changping) of the Beijing area in China. At 0–0.30 m soil depth, water stability of macro-aggregates (>0.25 mm) was much greater for ST (22.1%) and NT (12.0%) than for CT in Daxing”
Claim · model-written summary
ST improved aeration porosity by 14.5% at Daxing versus CT.
- Taxon
- maize and wheatTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- STe0
- Outcome
- aeration porositye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 14.5%e0
- Comparator
- CT treatmente0
- Setting
- Daxinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ST and NT significantly (P < 0.05) improved aeration porosity by 14.5% and 10.6%, respectively, at Daxing and by 17.0% and 8.6% at Changping compared with CT treatment”
t0“maize and wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
NT improved aeration porosity by 10.6% at Daxing versus CT.
- Taxon
- maize and wheatTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- NTe0
- Outcome
- aeration porositye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 10.6%e0
- Comparator
- CT treatmente0
- Setting
- Daxinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ST and NT significantly (P < 0.05) improved aeration porosity by 14.5% and 10.6%, respectively, at Daxing and by 17.0% and 8.6% at Changping compared with CT treatment”
t0“maize and wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
ST improved aeration porosity by 17.0% at Changping versus CT.
- Taxon
- maize and wheatTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- STe0
- Outcome
- aeration porositye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 17.0%e0
- Comparator
- CT treatmente0
- Setting
- Changpinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ST and NT significantly (P < 0.05) improved aeration porosity by 14.5% and 10.6%, respectively, at Daxing and by 17.0% and 8.6% at Changping compared with CT treatment”
t0“maize and wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
NT improved aeration porosity by 8.6% at Changping versus CT.
- Taxon
- maize and wheatTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- NTe0
- Outcome
- aeration porositye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 8.6%e0
- Comparator
- CT treatmente0
- Setting
- Changpinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ST and NT significantly (P < 0.05) improved aeration porosity by 14.5% and 10.6%, respectively, at Daxing and by 17.0% and 8.6% at Changping compared with CT treatment”
t0“maize and wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
ST and NT reduced soil bulk density 0.8–1.5% versus CT at both sites.
- Taxon
- maize and wheatTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- ST and NT treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Soil bulk densitye0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 0.8–1.5%e0
- Comparator
- CTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil bulk density after 8 years was 0.8–1.5% lower in ST and NT treatments than in CT at both sites”
t0“maize and wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil organic matter and available N and P were ordered ST ≈ NT > CT.
- Taxon
- maize and wheatTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- STe0
- Outcome
- Soil organic matter and available N and Pe0
- Comparator
- CTe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil organic matter and available N and P followed the same order ST ≈ NT > CT at both sites”
t0“maize and wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop yields in ST plots exceeded CT plots.
- Taxon
- maize and wheatTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- STe0
- Outcome
- crop yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- CTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“crop yields in ST and NT plots were higher than in CT plots due to improved soil physical and chemical properties”
t0“maize and wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop yields in NT plots exceeded CT plots.
- Taxon
- maize and wheatTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- NTe0
- Outcome
- crop yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- CTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“crop yields in ST and NT plots were higher than in CT plots due to improved soil physical and chemical properties”
t0“maize and wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
ST and NT had similar economic benefit.
- Taxon
- maize and wheatTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- STe0
- Outcome
- economic benefite0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- NTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“despite similar economic benefit, the effects on crop yields for ST were better than for NT”
t0“maize and wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean crop yield for ST was 0.2% higher than NT at Daxing.
- Taxon
- maize and wheatTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- STe0
- Outcome
- crop yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 0.2%e0
- Comparator
- NTe0
- Setting
- Daxinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mean (2000–07) crop yields for ST were 0.2% and 1.5% higher than for NT at Daxing and Changping, respectively”
t0“maize and wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean crop yield for ST was 1.5% higher than NT at Changping.
- Taxon
- maize and wheatTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- STe0
- Outcome
- crop yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 1.5%e0
- Comparator
- NTe0
- Setting
- Changpinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mean (2000–07) crop yields for ST were 0.2% and 1.5% higher than for NT at Daxing and Changping, respectively”
t0“maize and wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend ST for one- and two-crop-per-year regions in Beijing.
- Taxon
- maize and wheatTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Outcome
- STe0
- Setting
- Beijing areae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ST is the most suitable conservation tillage practice for annual 2-crop-a-year and 1-crop-a-year regions in the Beijing area”
t0“maize and wheat”
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