Abstract
Summary Plant–soil feedback (PSF) effects on plant performance strongly depend on the plant species that conditioned the soil. Recent studies have shown that PSF can change above‐ground plant–insect interactions via soil‐mediated changes in plant quality, but whether these effects depend on species‐specific soil conditioning is unknown. We examined how PSF effects of several plant species influence above‐ground plant–aphid interactions. We grew ragwort ( J acobaea vulgaris ) in field soil conditioned specifically by 10 plant species, belonging to three functional groups (grasses, forbs and legumes), in a multispecies mixture of the conditioned soils and in control (unconditioned) field soil. We measured plant biomass, concentrations of primary (amino acids) and secondary (pyrrolizidine alkaloids) metabolites in phloem exudates, and performance of the generalist aphid B rachycaudus cardui and the specialist A phis jacobaeae . We observed that plant species, via species‐specific effects on soil fungal communities, exerted unique plant–soil effects on J. vulgaris biomass, amino acid concentrations in phloem exudates and aphid performance. The direction and magnitude of the species‐specific PSF effects on aphid performance differed between both aphid species. PSF effects on soil fungal communities, plant biomass and A. jacobaeae performance also differed between grasses, forbs and legumes, with soil conditioning by forbs resulting in lowest plant biomass and aphid performance. Synthesis . Our study provides novel evidence that PSF effects on above‐ground plant–insect interactions are highly species specific. Our results add a new dimension to the rapidly developing research fields of PSF and above‐below‐ground interactions, and highlights that these fields are tightly linked.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Plant-species soil conditioning had unique effects on J. vulgaris biomass and phloem amino acid concentrations in field soil
- Taxon
- ragworte2
- Organ / stage
- phloem exudatese1
- Treatment
- soil conditioned specifically by 10 plant speciese2
- Outcome
- J. vulgaris biomass, amino acid concentrations in phloem exudatese1
- Comparator
- control (unconditioned) field soile2
- Setting
- field soile2
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e1“exerted unique plant–soil effects on J. vulgaris biomass, amino acid concentrations in phloem exudates and aphid performance”
e2“We grew ragwort ( J acobaea vulgaris ) in field soil conditioned specifically by 10 plant species, belonging to three functional groups (grasses, forbs and legumes), in a multispecies mixture of the conditioned soils and in control (unconditioned) field soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Species-specific soil conditioning had direction and magnitude effects on aphid performance that differed between the two aphid species
- Taxon
- ragworte2
- Treatment
- soil conditioned specifically by 10 plant speciese2
- Interactor
- B rachycaudus carduie5pest
- Second interactor
- A phis jacobaeaee5pest
- Outcome
- aphid performancee3
- Comparator
- control (unconditioned) field soile2
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e2“We grew ragwort ( J acobaea vulgaris ) in field soil conditioned specifically by 10 plant species, belonging to three functional groups (grasses, forbs and legumes), in a multispecies mixture of the conditioned soils and in control (unconditioned) field soil”
e3“The direction and magnitude of the species‐specific PSF effects on aphid performance differed between both aphid species”
e5“performance of the generalist aphid B rachycaudus cardui and the specialist A phis jacobaeae”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil conditioning by forbs resulted in lower plant biomass of ragwort than conditioning by grasses or legumes
Verbatim
e2“We grew ragwort ( J acobaea vulgaris ) in field soil conditioned specifically by 10 plant species, belonging to three functional groups (grasses, forbs and legumes), in a multispecies mixture of the conditioned soils and in control (unconditioned) field soil”
e4“PSF effects on soil fungal communities, plant biomass and A. jacobaeae performance also differed between grasses, forbs and legumes, with soil conditioning by forbs resulting in lowest plant biomass and aphid performance”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil conditioning by forbs resulted in lower aphid performance than conditioning by grasses or legumes
Verbatim
e2“We grew ragwort ( J acobaea vulgaris ) in field soil conditioned specifically by 10 plant species, belonging to three functional groups (grasses, forbs and legumes), in a multispecies mixture of the conditioned soils and in control (unconditioned) field soil”
e4“PSF effects on soil fungal communities, plant biomass and A. jacobaeae performance also differed between grasses, forbs and legumes, with soil conditioning by forbs resulting in lowest plant biomass and aphid performance”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil fungal communities conditioned by plant species differed between grasses, forbs and legumes
- Taxon
- ragworte2
- Interactor
- soil fungal communitiese4other
- Outcome
- soil fungal communitiese4
- Comparator
- grasses, forbs and legumese4
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e2“We grew ragwort ( J acobaea vulgaris ) in field soil conditioned specifically by 10 plant species, belonging to three functional groups (grasses, forbs and legumes), in a multispecies mixture of the conditioned soils and in control (unconditioned) field soil”
e4“PSF effects on soil fungal communities, plant biomass and A. jacobaeae performance also differed between grasses, forbs and legumes, with soil conditioning by forbs resulting in lowest plant biomass and aphid performance”