Abstract
Three separate surveys were carried out in commercial lupin crops in the major lupin growing region of Western Australia in 1986, 1990, and 2004–05. In total, 333 sites were sampled and plants assessed for the incidence and cause of root and hypocotyl rots. Measurements were made of plant density and sowing depth at all sites. In all surveys, root rot was more common than hypocotyl rot. Root rot occurred in more than 95% of sites in each survey; however, a greater proportion of sites had high levels of root rot in early surveys. The incidence of root rot within sites decreased from an average of 34.9% in 1986 to 10.2% in 2004–05. Hypocotyl rot incidence varied among surveys, incidence of infected paddocks, and within-paddock incidence was greatest in the 1990 survey. Hypocotyl rot incidence was lowest in the 2004–05 survey. Rhizoctonia solani and Pleiochaeta setosa were commonly isolated from root lesions and R. solani was the predominant pathogen isolated from hypocotyl lesions. Analysis of the R. solani isolates by pectic zymogram showed that the ZG3 strain was most regularly isolated from roots and hypocotyls. This series of surveys indicates that the incidence of root rots in commercial lupin paddocks in Western Australia has decreased dramatically over the past 20 years; however, root rot still occurs in most paddocks regardless of soil type, location, crop rotation, and management systems.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Root rot was more common than hypocotyl rot in all surveys.
LupinusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In all surveys, root rot was more common than hypocotyl rot”
t0“lupin”
Claim · model-written summary
Root rot occurred in more than 95% of sites in each survey.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Root rot occurred in more than 95% of sites in each survey”
t0“lupin”
Claim · model-written summary
High root rot levels occurred in a greater share of sites in early surveys.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a greater proportion of sites had high levels of root rot in early surveys”
t0“lupin”
Claim · model-written summary
Within-site root rot incidence declined from 34.9% in 1986 to 10.2% in 2004–05.
- Outcome
- incidence of root rot within sitese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 34.9%e0
- Qualifier
- 10.2% in 2004–05e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The incidence of root rot within sites decreased from an average of 34.9% in 1986 to 10.2% in 2004–05”
t0“lupin”
Claim · model-written summary
Hypocotyl rot incidence varied across surveys.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hypocotyl rot incidence varied among surveys”
t0“lupin”
Claim · model-written summary
Infected paddock incidence was greatest in 1990.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“incidence of infected paddocks, and within-paddock incidence was greatest in the 1990 survey”
t0“lupin”
Claim · model-written summary
Within-paddock hypocotyl rot incidence was greatest in 1990.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“within-paddock incidence was greatest in the 1990 survey”
t0“lupin”
Claim · model-written summary
Hypocotyl rot incidence was lowest in 2004–05.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hypocotyl rot incidence was lowest in the 2004–05 survey”
t0“lupin”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizoctonia solani was commonly isolated from root lesions.
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solani
Rhizoctonia solanie0pathogen - Outcome
- isolated from root lesionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rhizoctonia solani and Pleiochaeta setosa were commonly isolated from root lesions”
t0“lupin”
Claim · model-written summary
Pleiochaeta setosa was commonly isolated from root lesions.
- Interactor
- Pleiochaeta setosa
.jpg?width=60)
Pleiochaeta setosae0pathogen - Outcome
- isolated from root lesionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Rhizoctonia solani and Pleiochaeta setosa were commonly isolated from root lesions”
t0“lupin”
Claim · model-written summary
R. solani predominated among pathogens isolated from hypocotyl lesions.
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- predominant pathogen isolated from hypocotyl lesionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“R. solani was the predominant pathogen isolated from hypocotyl lesions”
t0“lupin”
Claim · model-written summary
ZG3 was the most regularly isolated R. solani strain from roots and hypocotyls.
- Material
- ZG3 straine0
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie1pathogen
- Outcome
- most regularly isolated from roots and hypocotylse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the ZG3 strain was most regularly isolated from roots and hypocotyls”
t0“lupin”
e1“Analysis of the R. solani isolates by pectic zymogram”
Claim · model-written summary
Root rot remained present in most paddocks regardless of soil, location, rotation or management.
- Outcome
- root rote0
- Qualifier
- regardless of soil type, location, crop rotation, and management systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root rot still occurs in most paddocks regardless of soil type, location, crop rotation, and management systems”
t0“lupin”