Abstract
Low temperature inhibits the growth of maize (Zea mays) seedlings and limits yield under field conditions. To study the mechanism of cold-induced growth retardation, we exposed maize B73 seedlings to low night temperature (25 degrees C /4 degrees C, day/night) from germination until the completion of leaf 4 expansion. This treatment resulted in a 20% reduction in final leaf size compared to control conditions (25 degrees C/18 degrees C, day/night). A kinematic analysis of leaf growth rates in control and cold-treated leaves during daytime showed that cold nights affected both cell cycle time (+65%) and cell production (-22%). In contrast, the size of mature epidermal cells was unaffected. To analyze the effect on cell cycle progression at the molecular level, we identified through a bioinformatics approach a set of 43 cell cycle genes and analyzed their expression in proliferating, expanding, and mature cells of leaves exposed to either control or cold nights. This analysis showed that: (1) the majority of cell cycle genes had a consistent proliferation-specific expression pattern; and (2) the increased cell cycle time in the basal meristem of leaves exposed to cold nights was associated with differential expression of cell cycle inhibitors and with the concomitant down-regulation of positive regulators of cell division.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Cold nights reduced final maize leaf size by 20% relative to control conditions.
- Treatment
- This treatmente0
- Outcome
- final leaf sizee0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 20%e0
- Comparator
- control conditionse0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This treatment resulted in a 20% reduction in final leaf size compared to control conditions (25 degrees C/18 degrees C, day/night).”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold nights increased leaf cell-cycle time by 65%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cold nights affected both cell cycle time (+65%) and cell production (-22%).”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold nights reduced leaf cell production by 22%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cold nights affected both cell cycle time (+65%) and cell production (-22%).”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Mature epidermal cell size was unaffected by cold nights.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the size of mature epidermal cells was unaffected.”
t0“Maize”
e1“cold nights affected both cell cycle time (+65%) and cell production (-22%).”
Claim · model-written summary
The study identified 43 cell-cycle genes.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we identified through a bioinformatics approach a set of 43 cell cycle genes”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Most cell-cycle genes showed a proliferation-specific expression pattern.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the majority of cell cycle genes had a consistent proliferation-specific expression pattern”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
In cold-night leaves, longer cell-cycle time was associated with differential expression of cell-cycle inhibitors.
- Organ / stage
- basal meristeme0
- Treatment
- cold nightse0
- Gene
- cell cycle inhibitorse0
- Outcome
- cell cycle timee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the increased cell cycle time in the basal meristem of leaves exposed to cold nights was associated with differential expression of cell cycle inhibitors”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
In cold-night leaves, longer cell-cycle time was associated with down-regulation of positive cell-division regulators.
- Treatment
- cold nightse0
- Gene
- positive regulators of cell divisione0
- Outcome
- cell cycle timee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the increased cell cycle time in the basal meristem of leaves exposed to cold nights was associated with differential expression of cell cycle inhibitors and with the concomitant down-regulation of positive regulators of cell division.”
t0“Maize”
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