Abstract
From December 2004 through May 2009, samples were collected from California nurseries and wild lands to survey for Phytophthora ramorum and comply with federal regulations of nursery stock. Samples were prescreened by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that detects Phytophthora spp. and tested by culture, P. ramorum-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and nested PCR. Yearly percentages of infected samples ranged from 0.6 to 2.3%. Camellia spp., Rhododendron spp., Magnolia spp., Pieris spp., and Laurus nobilis tested positive the most frequently in the nurseries and Lithocarpus densiflorus, Umbellularia californica, and Quercus agrifolia tested positive most often from wild lands. Of the 118,410 samples isolated onto PARP media, 0.8% was identified as P. ramorum. Of 115,056 samples tested by ELISA, 5.9% tested positive for Phytophthora spp. Of the 6,520 samples tested by PCR, 12.4% tested positive for P. ramorum. The false-negative, positive, and internal control failure rates of the assays are discussed. After removing the seasonal effect of sampling strategy, isolation of the pathogen into culture was found to be seasonally dependent whereas detectability by PCR and ELISA was not. To our knowledge, this is the first evaluation of a regulatory testing program for a plant pathogen on this scale using standardized assays.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Yearly infected sample percentages ranged from 0.6 to 2.3%.
- Interactor
- Phytophthora ramorum
Phytophthora ramorumt0pathogen - Outcome
- infected samplese0
- Value
- 0.6 to 2.3%e0
Not reportedTaxon
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yearly percentages of infected samples ranged from 0.6 to 2.3%”
t0“Phytophthora ramorum in Nurseries and Forest Lands”
Claim · model-written summary
Camellia, Rhododendron, and Magnolia species most frequently tested positive in nurseries.
- Taxon
- Camellia spp., Rhododendron spp., Magnolia spp.
Magnolia
Rhododendron
Camelliae0 - Interactor
- Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorumt0pathogen
- Outcome
- tested positive the most frequentlye0
- Setting
- nurseriese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Camellia spp., Rhododendron spp., Magnolia spp., Pieris spp., and Laurus nobilis tested positive the most frequently in the nurseries”
t0“Phytophthora ramorum”
Claim · model-written summary
Pieris species and Laurus nobilis most frequently tested positive in nurseries.
- Interactor
- Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorumt0pathogen
- Outcome
- tested positive the most frequentlye0
- Setting
- nurseriese0
PierisOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pieris spp., and Laurus nobilis tested positive the most frequently in the nurseries”
t0“Phytophthora ramorum”
Claim · model-written summary
Lithocarpus densiflorus, Umbellularia californica, and Quercus agrifolia most often tested positive in wild lands.
- Taxon
- Lithocarpus densiflorus
Notholithocarpus densifloruse0 - Interactor
- Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorumt0pathogen
- Outcome
- tested positive most oftene0
- Setting
- wild landse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lithocarpus densiflorus, Umbellularia californica, and Quercus agrifolia tested positive most often from wild lands”
t0“Phytophthora ramorum”
Claim · model-written summary
Culture identified 0.8% of samples as P. ramorum.
- Interactor
- P. ramorumPhytophthora ramorume0pathogen
- Outcome
- identified as P. ramorume0
- Value
- 0.8%e0
- Comparator
- PARP mediae0
Not reportedTaxon
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Of the 118,410 samples isolated onto PARP media, 0.8% was identified as P. ramorum”
Claim · model-written summary
ELISA tested 5.9% of samples positive for Phytophthora species.
- Interactor
- Phytophthora spp.
Phytophthorae0pathogen - Outcome
- tested positive for Phytophthora spp.e0
- Value
- 5.9%e0
- Comparator
- ELISAe0
Not reportedTaxon
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Of 115,056 samples tested by ELISA, 5.9% tested positive for Phytophthora spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
PCR tested 12.4% of samples positive for P. ramorum.
- Interactor
- P. ramorumPhytophthora ramorume0pathogen
- Outcome
- tested positive for P. ramorume0
- Value
- 12.4%e0
- Comparator
- PCRe0
Not reportedTaxon
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Of the 6,520 samples tested by PCR, 12.4% tested positive for P. ramorum”
Claim · model-written summary
Culture isolation varied seasonally after adjustment for sampling strategy.
- Interactor
- Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorumt0pathogen
- Outcome
- isolation of the pathogen into culturee0
- Setting
- seasonal effect of sampling strategye0
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After removing the seasonal effect of sampling strategy, isolation of the pathogen into culture was found to be seasonally dependent”
t0“Phytophthora ramorum”
Claim · model-written summary
PCR and ELISA detectability did not vary seasonally after adjustment.
- Interactor
- Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorumt0pathogen
- Outcome
- detectability by PCR and ELISAe0
- Setting
- seasonally dependente1
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“detectability by PCR and ELISA was not”
e1“seasonally dependent”
t0“Phytophthora ramorum”