Abstract
Pistachio ( Pistacia vera ) was successfully introduced into California and initially touted as a tree nut crop with no disease or insect pests. Unfortunately, these expectations were dashed as a number of diseases and pests followed commercial plantings, making plant protection practices integral to production. Verticillium wilt ( Verticillium dahliae ) devastated early plantings but is now controlled with the use of resistant rootstocks. Botryosphaeria blight ( Botryosphaeria dothidea ) and alternaria late blight ( Alternaria alternata ) are recently arrived foliar fungal diseases that blight fruit clusters and defoliate trees, respectively, and multiple fungicide applications are needed for control. The conversion to low volume irrigation systems, specifically to drip or buried drip, has reduced disease. Pruning out botryosphaeria blight infections has reduced overwintering inoculum and disease, while current research aims at accurately predicting infection events to increase fungicide efficacy. A number of hemipteran insect pests have been associated with epicarp lesion: spring treatments have been replaced with dormant carbaryl and oil applications which are less toxic to beneficial insects while controlling phytocoris ( Phytocoris californicus and P. relativus ) and soft scale pests. Early season insect damage can be tolerated because trees compensate by maturing a higher percentage of remaining fruit kernels. Some mirid ( Calocoris spp.) pests can be effectively reduced by eliminating alternate hosts in an effective weed control program. If lygus ( Lygus hesperus ) populations are present, weeds should not be disturbed from bloom until shell hardening to prevent movement by insects into the trees where feeding can result in epicarp lesion. Stink bugs (Pentatomidae) and leaffooted bugs ( Leptoglossus clypealis and L. occidentalis ) can penetrate the hardened shell and cause internal nut necrosis along with epicarp lesion. Trap crops are used to monitor pest populations in order to develop treatment thresholds. Degree-day based timing of treatments increase insecticide efficacy for the control of navel orangeworm ( Amyelois transitella ) and obliquebanded leafroller ( Choristonuera rosaceana ), but navel orangeworm populations are more effectively managed by destroying unharvested over wintering fruit. Bacillus thuriengiensis sprays, liquid-lime-sulfur, and biological control show promise in controlling obliquebanded leafroller.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Verticillium wilt is controlled with resistant rootstocks.
- Treatment
- resistant rootstockse0
- Interactor
- Verticillium dahliae
Verticillium dahliaee0pathogen - Outcome
- Verticillium wilte0
- Direction
- controllede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Verticillium wilt ( Verticillium dahliae ) devastated early plantings but is now controlled with the use of resistant rootstocks.”
Claim · model-written summary
Botryosphaeria blight blights fruit clusters.
- Interactor
- Botryosphaeria dothidea
_Cesati_%26_DeNotaris_661320.jpg?width=60)
Botryosphaeria dothideae0pathogen - Outcome
- blight fruit clusterse0
Not reportedTaxon
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Cesati_%26_DeNotaris_661320.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Botryosphaeria blight ( Botryosphaeria dothidea ) and alternaria late blight ( Alternaria alternata ) are recently arrived foliar fungal diseases that blight fruit clusters and defoliate trees, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternaria late blight defoliates trees.
- Interactor
- Alternaria alternata
.jpg?width=60)
Alternaria alternatae0pathogen - Outcome
- defoliate treese0
Not reportedTaxon
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Botryosphaeria blight ( Botryosphaeria dothidea ) and alternaria late blight ( Alternaria alternata ) are recently arrived foliar fungal diseases that blight fruit clusters and defoliate trees, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip or buried drip irrigation reduced disease.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“The conversion to low volume irrigation systems, specifically to drip or buried drip, has reduced disease.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pruning Botryosphaeria blight infections reduced overwintering inoculum and disease.
- Treatment
- Pruning out botryosphaeria blight infectionse0
- Interactor
- botryosphaeriaBotryosphaeriae0pathogen
- Outcome
- overwintering inoculum and diseasee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pruning out botryosphaeria blight infections has reduced overwintering inoculum and disease”
Claim · model-written summary
Dormant carbaryl and oil applications control phytocoris while being less toxic to beneficial insects.
- Treatment
- dormant carbaryl and oil applicationse0
- Interactor
- Phytocoris californicus and P. relativuse0pest
- Outcome
- controlling phytocorise0
- Direction
- controllinge0
- Comparator
- spring treatmentse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“spring treatments have been replaced with dormant carbaryl and oil applications which are less toxic to beneficial insects while controlling phytocoris ( Phytocoris californicus and P. relativus ) and soft scale pests.”
Claim · model-written summary
Trees compensate for early insect damage by maturing more remaining kernels.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Early season insect damage can be tolerated because trees compensate by maturing a higher percentage of remaining fruit kernels.”
Claim · model-written summary
Eliminating alternate hosts reduces Calocoris pests.
CalocorisNot reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Some mirid ( Calocoris spp.) pests can be effectively reduced by eliminating alternate hosts in an effective weed control program.”
Claim · model-written summary
Weeds should remain undisturbed from bloom until shell hardening when Lygus is present.
- Interactor
- Lygus hesperus
Lygus hesperuse0pest - Outcome
- weeds should not be disturbed from bloom until shell hardeninge0
Not reportedTaxon
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“If lygus ( Lygus hesperus ) populations are present, weeds should not be disturbed from bloom until shell hardening to prevent movement by insects into the trees where feeding can result in epicarp lesion.”
Claim · model-written summary
Stink bugs can penetrate hardened shells and cause internal nut necrosis and epicarp lesion.
- Interactor
- PentatomidaePentatomidaee0pest
- Outcome
- internal nut necrosis along with epicarp lesione0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Stink bugs (Pentatomidae) and leaffooted bugs ( Leptoglossus clypealis and L. occidentalis ) can penetrate the hardened shell and cause internal nut necrosis along with epicarp lesion.”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaffooted bugs can penetrate hardened shells and cause internal nut necrosis and epicarp lesion.
- Interactor
- Leptoglossus clypealis and L. occidentalis
Leptoglossus occidentalis.jpg?width=60)
Leptoglossus clypealise0pest - Outcome
- internal nut necrosis along with epicarp lesione0
Not reportedTaxon
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Stink bugs (Pentatomidae) and leaffooted bugs ( Leptoglossus clypealis and L. occidentalis ) can penetrate the hardened shell and cause internal nut necrosis along with epicarp lesion.”
Claim · model-written summary
Degree day timing increases insecticide efficacy against navel orangeworm.
- Treatment
- Degree-day based timing of treatmentse0
- Interactor
- Amyelois transitella
Amyelois transitellae0pest - Outcome
- insecticide efficacy for the control of navel orangeworme0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Degree-day based timing of treatments increase insecticide efficacy for the control of navel orangeworm ( Amyelois transitella ) and obliquebanded leafroller ( Choristonuera rosaceana )”
Claim · model-written summary
Degree day timing increases insecticide efficacy against obliquebanded leafroller.
- Treatment
- Degree-day based timing of treatmentse0
- Interactor
- Choristonuera rosaceanae0pest
- Outcome
- insecticide efficacye0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Degree-day based timing of treatments increase insecticide efficacy for the control of navel orangeworm ( Amyelois transitella ) and obliquebanded leafroller ( Choristonuera rosaceana )”
Claim · model-written summary
Destroying unharvested overwintering fruit manages navel orangeworm more effectively.
- Treatment
- destroying unharvested over wintering fruite0
- Interactor
- navel orangeworme0pest
- Outcome
- navel orangeworm populationse0
- Direction
- more effectively managede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“navel orangeworm populations are more effectively managed by destroying unharvested over wintering fruit.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus thuriengiensis sprays show promise for obliquebanded leafroller control.
- Treatment
- Bacillus thuriengiensis sprayse0
- Interactor
- obliquebanded leafroller
Choristoneura rosaceanae0pest - Second interactor
- Bacillus thuriengiensise0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- controlling obliquebanded leafrollere0
- Direction
- controllinge0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus thuriengiensis sprays, liquid-lime-sulfur, and biological control show promise in controlling obliquebanded leafroller.”
Claim · model-written summary
Liquid lime sulfur shows promise for obliquebanded leafroller control.
- Treatment
- liquid-lime-sulfure0
- Interactor
- obliquebanded leafrollerChoristoneura rosaceanae0pest
- Outcome
- controlling obliquebanded leafrollere0
- Direction
- controllinge0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus thuriengiensis sprays, liquid-lime-sulfur, and biological control show promise in controlling obliquebanded leafroller.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biological control shows promise for obliquebanded leafroller control.
- Treatment
- biological controle0
- Interactor
- obliquebanded leafrollerChoristoneura rosaceanae0pest
- Outcome
- controlling obliquebanded leafrollere0
- Direction
- controllinge0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus thuriengiensis sprays, liquid-lime-sulfur, and biological control show promise in controlling obliquebanded leafroller.”