Abstract
The necrotrophic fungus Stagonospora nodorum produces multiple proteinaceous host-selective toxins (HSTs) which act in effector triggered susceptibility. Here, we report the molecular cloning and functional characterization of the SnTox3-encoding gene, designated SnTox3, as well as the initial characterization of the SnTox3 protein. SnTox3 is a 693 bp intron-free gene with little obvious homology to other known genes. The predicted immature SnTox3 protein is 25.8 kDa in size. A 20 amino acid signal sequence as well as a possible pro sequence are predicted. Six cysteine residues are predicted to form disulfide bonds and are shown to be important for SnTox3 activity. Using heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris and transformation into an avirulent S. nodorum isolate, we show that SnTox3 encodes the SnTox3 protein and that SnTox3 interacts with the wheat susceptibility gene Snn3. In addition, the avirulent S. nodorum isolate transformed with SnTox3 was virulent on host lines expressing the Snn3 gene. SnTox3-disrupted mutants were deficient in the production of SnTox3 and avirulent on the Snn3 differential wheat line BG220. An analysis of genetic diversity revealed that SnTox3 is present in 60.1% of a worldwide collection of 923 isolates and occurs as eleven nucleotide haplotypes resulting in four amino acid haplotypes. The cloning of SnTox3 provides a fundamental tool for the investigation of the S. nodorum-wheat interaction, as well as vital information for the general characterization of necrotroph-plant interactions.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
The SnTox3 gene was cloned and functionally characterized.
- Taxon
- Stagonospora nodorum
Parastagonospora nodorume1 - Gene
- SnTox3e0
- Outcome
- molecular cloning and functional characterizatione0
Not reportedValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we report the molecular cloning and functional characterization of the SnTox3-encoding gene, designated SnTox3”
e1“The necrotrophic fungus Stagonospora nodorum”
Claim · model-written summary
SnTox3 is a 693 bp intron-free gene with little obvious homology to known genes.
- Taxon
- Stagonospora nodorumParastagonospora nodorume1
- Gene
- SnTox3e0
- Outcome
- intron-free gene with little obvious homology to other known genese0
- Value
- 693 bpe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SnTox3 is a 693 bp intron-free gene with little obvious homology to other known genes.”
e1“The necrotrophic fungus Stagonospora nodorum”
Claim · model-written summary
The predicted immature SnTox3 protein is 25.8 kDa.
- Taxon
- Stagonospora nodorumParastagonospora nodorume1
- Gene
- SnTox3e0
- Outcome
- sizee0
- Value
- 25.8 kDae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The predicted immature SnTox3 protein is 25.8 kDa in size.”
e1“The necrotrophic fungus Stagonospora nodorum”
Claim · model-written summary
A 20 amino acid signal sequence is predicted.
- Taxon
- Stagonospora nodorumParastagonospora nodorume1
- Outcome
- signal sequencee0
- Value
- 20 amino acide0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A 20 amino acid signal sequence as well as a possible pro sequence are predicted.”
e1“The necrotrophic fungus Stagonospora nodorum”
Claim · model-written summary
A possible pro sequence is predicted.
- Taxon
- Stagonospora nodorumParastagonospora nodorume1
- Outcome
- possible pro sequencee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A 20 amino acid signal sequence as well as a possible pro sequence are predicted.”
e1“The necrotrophic fungus Stagonospora nodorum”
Claim · model-written summary
Six cysteine residues are predicted to form disulfide bonds.
- Taxon
- Stagonospora nodorumParastagonospora nodorume1
- Outcome
- form disulfide bondse0
- Value
- Sixe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Six cysteine residues are predicted to form disulfide bonds and are shown to be important for SnTox3 activity.”
e1“The necrotrophic fungus Stagonospora nodorum”
Claim · model-written summary
Cysteine residues are important for SnTox3 activity.
- Taxon
- Stagonospora nodorumParastagonospora nodorume1
- Outcome
- SnTox3 activitye0
- Qualifier
- cysteine residuese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Six cysteine residues are predicted to form disulfide bonds and are shown to be important for SnTox3 activity.”
e1“The necrotrophic fungus Stagonospora nodorum”
Claim · model-written summary
SnTox3 encodes the SnTox3 protein.
- Taxon
- Stagonospora nodorumParastagonospora nodorume1
- Gene
- SnTox3e0
- Outcome
- encodes the SnTox3 proteine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we show that SnTox3 encodes the SnTox3 protein and that SnTox3 interacts with the wheat susceptibility gene Snn3”
e1“The necrotrophic fungus Stagonospora nodorum”
Claim · model-written summary
SnTox3 interacts with wheat susceptibility gene Snn3.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Interactor
- Stagonospora nodorumParastagonospora nodorume1pathogen
- Gene
- SnTox3e0
- Outcome
- interacts with the wheat susceptibility gene Snn3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SnTox3 interacts with the wheat susceptibility gene Snn3”
e1“The necrotrophic fungus Stagonospora nodorum”
Claim · model-written summary
SnTox3 is present in 60.1% of 923 worldwide isolates.
- Taxon
- Stagonospora nodorumParastagonospora nodorume1
- Outcome
- SnTox3 is presente0
- Value
- 60.1%e0
- Qualifier
- 923 isolatese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SnTox3 is present in 60.1% of a worldwide collection of 923 isolates”
e1“The necrotrophic fungus Stagonospora nodorum”
Claim · model-written summary
SnTox3 occurs as eleven nucleotide haplotypes.
- Taxon
- Stagonospora nodorumParastagonospora nodorume1
- Outcome
- nucleotide haplotypese0
- Value
- elevene0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“occurs as eleven nucleotide haplotypes resulting in four amino acid haplotypes”
e1“The necrotrophic fungus Stagonospora nodorum”
Claim · model-written summary
The nucleotide haplotypes yield four amino acid haplotypes.
- Taxon
- Stagonospora nodorumParastagonospora nodorume1
- Outcome
- amino acid haplotypese0
- Value
- foure0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“occurs as eleven nucleotide haplotypes resulting in four amino acid haplotypes”
e1“The necrotrophic fungus Stagonospora nodorum”