Abstract
Palmer amaranth is a problematic weed in grain sorghum production in central United States. Due to limited herbicide options available and ever increasing herbicide-resistant weed species, there is a demand for new mode-of-action herbicides for use in grain sorghum. Fluthiacet-methyl is a relatively new active ingredient that inhibits the enzyme protoporphyrinogen oxidase in target plants. Field studies were conducted at three sites in central United States in 2010 and 2011 to evaluate crop response and Palmer amaranth control with postemergence application of fluthiacet-methyl in grain sorghum. Treatments included fluthiacet-methyl at 4.8 and 7.2 g active ingredient (a.i.) haˉ¹ alone and tank-mixed with 2,4-D amine at 260 g acid equivalent (a.e.) haˉ¹ or atrazine at 840 g a.i. haˉ¹. Carfentrazone at 8.8 g a.i. haˉ¹, atrazine at 840 g haˉ¹, and a non-treated control were also included. Fluthiacet-methyl treatments caused 9–38% crop injury at 4 ± 1 days after treatment. Tank-mixing atrazine with fluthiacet-methyl seldom affected crop injury, while mixing 2,4-D with fluthiacet-methyl often reduced crop injury. Generally, injury caused by fluthiacet-methyl alone or in combination with atrazine or 2,4-D disappeared within 3 weeks after treatment. Grain yields were reduced in one trial, when 2,4-D mixed with 4.8 or 7.2 g haˉ¹ of fluthiacet-methyl caused 18% and 13% plant lodging and 24% and 14% grain yield loss, respectively. Across site-years, fluthiacet-methyl alone at 4.8 or 7.2 g haˉ¹ provided 55–95% control of Palmer amaranth. Greater Palmer amaranth control (≥75%) with fluthiacet-methyl alone was achieved when weeds were small or density was low at the time of spraying. Tank-mixing atrazine with fluthiacet-methyl increased Palmer amaranth control and sorghum yields considerably. Tank-mixing 2,4-D with fluthiacet-methyl also increased Palmer amaranth control, but to lesser extent and less consistently than with atrazine. Results indicated that fluthiacet-methyl has potential for use in grain sorghum to combat weeds resistant to acetolactase synthase-inhibitors, triazines, and synthetic auxin herbicides. Tank-mixing atrazine or 2,4-D with fluthiacet-methyl is desirable for effective Palmer amaranth control.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Fluthiacet-methyl treatments caused 9–38% grain sorghum injury at 4 ± 1 days after treatment.
- Taxon
- grain sorghum
Sorghum bicolort0 - Treatment
- Fluthiacet-methyl treatmentse0
- Outcome
- crop injurye0
- Direction
- causede0
- Value
- 9–38%e0
- Qualifier
- 4 ± 1 days after treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fluthiacet-methyl treatments caused 9–38% crop injury at 4 ± 1 days after treatment.”
t0“grain sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding atrazine to fluthiacet-methyl seldom affected grain sorghum injury.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- Tank-mixing atrazine with fluthiacet-methyle0
- Outcome
- crop injurye0
- Direction
- seldom affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tank-mixing atrazine with fluthiacet-methyl seldom affected crop injury”
t0“grain sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding 2,4-D to fluthiacet-methyl often reduced grain sorghum injury.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- mixing 2,4-D with fluthiacet-methyle0
- Outcome
- crop injurye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mixing 2,4-D with fluthiacet-methyl often reduced crop injury.”
t0“grain sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Injury from fluthiacet-methyl alone or with atrazine or 2,4-D disappeared within 3 weeks.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolort0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- disappearede0
- Qualifier
- within 3 weeks after treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“injury caused by fluthiacet-methyl alone or in combination with atrazine or 2,4-D disappeared within 3 weeks after treatment.”
t0“grain sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2,4-D plus 4.8 g haˉ¹ fluthiacet-methyl mixture caused 18% grain sorghum lodging.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D mixed with 4.8e0
- Outcome
- plant lodginge0
- Direction
- causede0
- Value
- 18%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2,4-D mixed with 4.8 or 7.2 g haˉ¹ of fluthiacet-methyl caused 18% and 13% plant lodging and 24% and 14% grain yield loss, respectively.”
t0“grain sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2,4-D plus 7.2 g haˉ¹ fluthiacet-methyl mixture caused 13% grain sorghum lodging.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- 7.2 g haˉ¹ of fluthiacet-methyle0
- Outcome
- plant lodginge0
- Direction
- causede0
- Value
- 13%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2,4-D mixed with 4.8 or 7.2 g haˉ¹ of fluthiacet-methyl caused 18% and 13% plant lodging and 24% and 14% grain yield loss, respectively.”
t0“grain sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2,4-D plus 4.8 g haˉ¹ fluthiacet-methyl mixture caused 24% grain yield loss.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D mixed with 4.8e0
- Outcome
- grain yield losse0
- Direction
- losse0
- Value
- 24%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2,4-D mixed with 4.8 or 7.2 g haˉ¹ of fluthiacet-methyl caused 18% and 13% plant lodging and 24% and 14% grain yield loss, respectively.”
t0“grain sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2,4-D plus 7.2 g haˉ¹ fluthiacet-methyl mixture caused 14% grain yield loss.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- 7.2 g haˉ¹ of fluthiacet-methyle0
- Outcome
- grain yield losse0
- Direction
- losse0
- Value
- 14%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2,4-D mixed with 4.8 or 7.2 g haˉ¹ of fluthiacet-methyl caused 18% and 13% plant lodging and 24% and 14% grain yield loss, respectively.”
t0“grain sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Fluthiacet-methyl alone at 4.8 g haˉ¹ controlled 55–95% of Palmer amaranth across site-years.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- fluthiacet-methyl alone at 4.8e0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- control of Palmer amaranthe0
- Direction
- controle0
- Value
- 55–95%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Across site-years, fluthiacet-methyl alone at 4.8 or 7.2 g haˉ¹ provided 55–95% control of Palmer amaranth.”
t0“grain sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Fluthiacet-methyl alone at 7.2 g haˉ¹ controlled 55–95% of Palmer amaranth across site-years.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- 7.2 g haˉ¹e0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- control of Palmer amaranthe0
- Direction
- controle0
- Value
- 55–95%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Across site-years, fluthiacet-methyl alone at 4.8 or 7.2 g haˉ¹ provided 55–95% control of Palmer amaranth.”
t0“grain sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Fluthiacet-methyl gave at least 75% Palmer amaranth control when weeds were small or sparse at spraying.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- fluthiacet-methyl alonee0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Palmer amaranth controle0
- Direction
- Greatere0
- Value
- ≥75%e0
- Qualifier
- weeds were small or density was low at the time of sprayinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Greater Palmer amaranth control (≥75%) with fluthiacet-methyl alone was achieved when weeds were small or density was low at the time of spraying.”
t0“grain sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding atrazine to fluthiacet-methyl considerably increased Palmer amaranth control.
- Treatment
- Tank-mixing atrazine with fluthiacet-methyle0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Palmer amaranth controle0
- Direction
- increasede0
SorghumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tank-mixing atrazine with fluthiacet-methyl increased Palmer amaranth control and sorghum yields considerably.”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding atrazine to fluthiacet-methyl considerably increased sorghum yields.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tank-mixing atrazine with fluthiacet-methyl increased Palmer amaranth control and sorghum yields considerably.”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding 2,4-D to fluthiacet-methyl increased Palmer amaranth control less consistently and less than atrazine.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- Tank-mixing 2,4-D with fluthiacet-methyle0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Palmer amaranth controle0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- lesser extent and less consistentlye0
- Comparator
- atrazinee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tank-mixing 2,4-D with fluthiacet-methyl also increased Palmer amaranth control, but to lesser extent and less consistently than with atrazine.”
t0“grain sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded that fluthiacet-methyl has potential against herbicide-resistant weeds in grain sorghum.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolore0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- fluthiacet-methyl has potential for usee0
- Qualifier
- weeds resistant to acetolactase synthase-inhibitors, triazines, and synthetic auxin herbicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fluthiacet-methyl has potential for use in grain sorghum to combat weeds resistant to acetolactase synthase-inhibitors, triazines, and synthetic auxin herbicides.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend tank-mixing atrazine or 2,4-D with fluthiacet-methyl for Palmer amaranth control.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolort0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Tank-mixing atrazine or 2,4-D with fluthiacet-methyle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tank-mixing atrazine or 2,4-D with fluthiacet-methyl is desirable for effective Palmer amaranth control.”
t0“grain sorghum”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.