Abstract
ABSTRACT Question: Is Rhynchostegium megapolitanum an expanding species? Location: Viennese Basin (120–220 m a.s.l.), Austria. Methods: 121 dry grasslands, were investigated for the occurrence of R. megapolitanum. Nineteen environmental variables at 50 randomly selected sites, species composition at sites with and without R. megapolitanum and the spatial patterns of distribution of the species at the landscape scale were analysed. We compared actual distribution data of three rare species (Didymodon acutus, Pleurochaete squarrosa R. megapolitanum) and a common one (Brachythecium rutabulum) with the distribution obtained by vouchers that were collected between 1860 and 1940 in the investigated area. We calculated a GIS based model pattern and compared it with the actual distribution. Results: R. megapolitanum was detected in 28 of these sites, almost 50 % of its populations produced sporophytes. We found significant differences between sites with and without R. megapolitanum with regard to grassland size, the percentage of silt and of sand in the soil. There were fewer occurrences of historic herbarium vouchers of R. megapolitanum than our current field survey discovered. The GIS based analyses of distribution patterns at the landscape scale showed a clustering of sites in which R. megapolitanum was present or absent. Simulations with a spatially realistic expansion model showed high similarities to the actual distribution of the species. Conclusions: All these analyses suggest that R. megapolitanum has been expanding in the investigated area. A significant increase in temperature and nitrogen deposition within the last hundred years might be the underlying cause for the species' spread. Nomenclatural reference: For bryophyte species Corley et al. (1981); for vascular plants Adler et al. (1994). Abbreviations AFLP = Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism; GIS = Geographic information system; NHM = Natural History Museum Vienna; ZAMG = Central Institute of Meteorology and Geodynamics
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
R. megapolitanum was detected in 28 of the surveyed dry grasslands.
- Taxon
- R. megapolitanum
_7153.JPG?width=60)
Rhynchostegium megapolitanume1 - Outcome
- detectede1
- Value
- 28 of these sitese1
- Setting
- dry grasslandse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_7153.JPG?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“R. megapolitanum was detected in 28 of these sites, almost 50 % of its populations produced sporophytes”
e2“121 dry grasslands, were investigated for the occurrence of R. megapolitanum”
Claim · model-written summary
Almost 50% of R. megapolitanum populations produced sporophytes.
- Taxon
- R. megapolitanumRhynchostegium megapolitanume1
- Outcome
- produced sporophytese1
- Value
- almost 50 %e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“R. megapolitanum was detected in 28 of these sites, almost 50 % of its populations produced sporophytes”
Claim · model-written summary
Sites with and without R. megapolitanum differ significantly in grassland size.
- Taxon
- R. megapolitanumRhynchostegium megapolitanume3
- Outcome
- grassland sizee3
- Comparator
- sites with and without R. megapolitanume3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“We found significant differences between sites with and without R. megapolitanum with regard to grassland size, the percentage of silt and of sand in the soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Sites with and without R. megapolitanum differ significantly in soil silt and sand percentages.
- Taxon
- R. megapolitanumRhynchostegium megapolitanume3
- Outcome
- the percentage of silt and of sand in the soile3
- Comparator
- sites with and without R. megapolitanume3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“We found significant differences between sites with and without R. megapolitanum with regard to grassland size, the percentage of silt and of sand in the soil”
Claim · model-written summary
R. megapolitanum has fewer historic herbarium vouchers than occurrences found in the current field survey.
- Taxon
- R. megapolitanumRhynchostegium megapolitanume4
- Outcome
- occurrences of historic herbarium voucherse4
- Direction
- fewere4
- Comparator
- current field surveye4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“There were fewer occurrences of historic herbarium vouchers of R. megapolitanum than our current field survey discovered”
Claim · model-written summary
Sites with and without R. megapolitanum cluster spatially at the landscape scale.
- Taxon
- R. megapolitanumRhynchostegium megapolitanume5
- Outcome
- clustering of sitese5
- Setting
- landscape scalee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The GIS based analyses of distribution patterns at the landscape scale showed a clustering of sites in which R. megapolitanum was present or absent”
Claim · model-written summary
A spatially realistic expansion model showed high similarity between simulated and actual distribution of R. megapolitanum.
- Taxon
- Rhynchostegium megapolitanumRhynchostegium megapolitanumt0
- Outcome
- similarities to the actual distributione6
- Comparator
- actual distributione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rhynchostegium megapolitanum”
e6“Simulations with a spatially realistic expansion model showed high similarities to the actual distribution of the species”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors interpret the analyses as showing that R. megapolitanum has been expanding in the investigated area.
- Taxon
- R. megapolitanumRhynchostegium megapolitanume7
- Outcome
- expanding in the investigated areae7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“All these analyses suggest that R. megapolitanum has been expanding in the investigated area”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors hypothesise that increased temperature and nitrogen deposition caused the species spread.
- Taxon
- Rhynchostegium megapolitanumRhynchostegium megapolitanumt0
- Treatment
- increase in temperature and nitrogen depositione1
- Outcome
- species' spreade1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rhynchostegium megapolitanum”
e1“A significant increase in temperature and nitrogen deposition within the last hundred years might be the underlying cause for the species' spread”