Abstract
Belowground-feeding herbivores may be very destructive to plants. Roots are known to produce various defense compounds to protect themselves against these herbivores, both with direct and indirect—inducible—defense compounds. Recent literature reviews reveal no overall pattern for root-shoot defense allocation. Optimal defense allocation patterns within roots may be predicted with an ecophysiological model taking into account the value and vulnerability of root classes. Induced responses elicited by root herbivores are likely to result in systemic responses in the shoots. These systemic responses may affect aboveground herbivores and higher trophic levels. This calls into question whether root-to-shoot systemic induction is an adaptive response. Physiological responses conferring tolerance may co-occur with resistance responses, depending on the biotic and abiotic environment of the roots. More detailed analyses of root defenses and the feeding sites of herbivores are needed to gain a better understanding of optimal defense allocation in roots.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Recent reviews found no overall pattern in root-shoot defense allocation.
Verbatim
e0“Recent literature reviews reveal no overall pattern for root-shoot defense allocation.”
t0“Plant”
Claim · model-written summary
An ecophysiological model predicts root defense allocation from root-class value and vulnerability.
Verbatim
e0“Optimal defense allocation patterns within roots may be predicted with an ecophysiological model taking into account the value and vulnerability of root classes.”
t0“Plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Root herbivores likely induce systemic shoot responses.
Verbatim
e0“Induced responses elicited by root herbivores are likely to result in systemic responses in the shoots.”
t0“Plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Systemic shoot responses may affect aboveground herbivores and higher trophic levels.
Verbatim
e0“These systemic responses may affect aboveground herbivores and higher trophic levels.”
t0“Plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Tolerance physiology may co-occur with resistance responses depending on root environments.
- Taxon
- Plantt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- Physiological responses conferring tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- biotic and abiotic environment of the rootse0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Physiological responses conferring tolerance may co-occur with resistance responses, depending on the biotic and abiotic environment of the roots.”
t0“Plant”