Abstract
Cold acclimation in conifers is a complex process, the timing and extent of which reflects local adaptation and varies widely along latitudinal gradients for many temperate and boreal tree species. Despite their ecological and economic importance, little is known about the global changes in gene expression that accompany autumn cold acclimation in conifers. Using three populations of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) spanning the species range, and a Picea cDNA microarray with 21,840 unique elements, within- and among-population gene expression was monitored during the autumn. Microarray data were validated for selected genes using real-time PCR. Similar numbers of genes were significantly twofold upregulated (1257) and downregulated (967) between late summer and early winter. Among those upregulated were dehydrins, pathogenesis-related/antifreeze genes, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism genes, and genes involved in signal transduction and transcriptional regulation. Among-population microarray hybridizations at early and late autumn time points revealed substantial variation in the autumn transcriptome, some of which may reflect local adaptation. These results demonstrate the complexity of cold acclimation in conifers, highlight similarities and differences to cold tolerance in annual plants, and provide a solid foundation for functional and genetic studies of this important adaptive process.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
About 1257 genes were significantly twofold upregulated between late summer and early winter in Sitka spruce.
- Taxon
- Sitka spruce
.jpg?width=60)
Picea sitchensist0 - Outcome
- numbers of genese1
- Direction
- upregulatede1
- Value
- 1257e1
- Qualifier
- between late summer and early wintere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis)”
e1“Similar numbers of genes were significantly twofold upregulated (1257) and downregulated (967) between late summer and early winter”
Claim · model-written summary
About 967 genes were significantly twofold downregulated between late summer and early winter in Sitka spruce.
- Taxon
- Sitka sprucePicea sitchensist0
- Outcome
- numbers of genese1
- Direction
- downregulatede1
- Value
- 967e1
- Qualifier
- between late summer and early wintere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis)”
e1“Similar numbers of genes were significantly twofold upregulated (1257) and downregulated (967) between late summer and early winter”
Claim · model-written summary
Dehydrins, pathogenesis-related/antifreeze genes and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism genes were among the upregulated genes.
- Taxon
- Sitka sprucePicea sitchensist0
- Gene
- dehydrins, pathogenesis-related/antifreeze genese2
- Outcome
- upregulatede2
- Direction
- upregulatede2
- Qualifier
- carbohydrate and lipid metabolism genese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis)”
e2“Among those upregulated were dehydrins, pathogenesis-related/antifreeze genes, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism genes, and genes involved in signal transduction and transcriptional regulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Genes involved in signal transduction and transcriptional regulation were among the upregulated genes.
- Taxon
- Sitka sprucePicea sitchensist0
- Gene
- genes involved in signal transduction and transcriptional regulatione2
- Outcome
- upregulatede2
- Direction
- upregulatede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis)”
e2“Among those upregulated were dehydrins, pathogenesis-related/antifreeze genes, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism genes, and genes involved in signal transduction and transcriptional regulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Among-population comparisons at early and late autumn showed substantial variation in the autumn transcriptome, some of which may reflect local adaptation.
- Taxon
- Sitka sprucePicea sitchensist0
- Outcome
- variation in the autumn transcriptomee3
- Qualifier
- some of which may reflect local adaptatione3
- Setting
- early and late autumn time pointse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis)”
e3“Among-population microarray hybridizations at early and late autumn time points revealed substantial variation in the autumn transcriptome, some of which may reflect local adaptation”
Claim · model-written summary
Microarray results were validated for selected genes by real-time PCR.
Verbatim
e4“Microarray data were validated for selected genes using real-time PCR”