Abstract
The palm-like monocot Palma Jipi (Carludovica palmata, Cyclanthaceae), from which Panama hats are traditionally made, is important to the rural economy of southern Mexico and other Latin American countries. A lethal decline of C. palmata plants was first recognized by farmers at Kalkini in the state of Campeche, Mexico, during 1994. Characterized by a progressive yellowing of successively younger leaves, affected plants died within a few weeks after the onset of this primary symptom. Annual losses estimated at 10% of the naturalized C. palmata population have since occurred in the vicinity of Kalkini, an area in which coconut lethal yellowing (LY) disease is also prevalent. The close proximity and superficially similar symptomatology of these two diseases suggested that both might share a common etiology. DNA samples were obtained from five diseased and five healthy C. palmata plants by small scale extraction of immature leaf bases and assessed for phytoplasma DNA by use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at laboratories in Mérida, INIFAP/Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (Nuevo León) and the University of Florida (Fort Lauderdale). Samples from symptomatic plants consistently tested positive by PCR employing universal rRNA primers (P1/P7), which amplify a 1.8-kb phytoplasma rDNA product (4), and negative when LY-specific primers LYF1/LYR1 (1) or MMF/MMR (3) were used. No PCR products were evident when DNAs of symptomless plants were evaluated with these primer combinations. Fragment patterns resolved by 8% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of rDNA digested separately with either AluI, BamHI, BstUI, DdeI, DraI, EcoRI, HaeIII, HhaI, HinfI, MspI, RsaI, Sau3AI, TaqI, or Tru9I endonucleases revealed no differences between phytoplasma isolates associated with five C. palmata plants. Collectively, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns generated with key enzymes AluI, BamHI, DraI, and HaeIII clearly differentiated the C. palmata yellows (CPY) phytoplasma from LY and other known phytoplasmas previously characterized by this means (2). A sequence homology of 99.21% between 16S rDNA of CPY (1,537 bp; GenBank accession, AF237615) and LY (1,524 bp; accession, U18747) indicated that these strains were very similar. This relationship was confirmed by phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA sequence, which placed both strains into the same phytoplasma subclade. References: (1) N. A. Harrison et al. Plant Pathol. 43:998, 1994. (2) I.-M. Lee et al. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48:1153, 1998. (3) J. P. Martínez-Soriano et al. Rev. Mex. Fitopat. 12:75, 1994. (4) C. D. Smart et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62: 2988, 1996.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Affected C. palmata plants yellowed progressively and died within weeks.
- Taxon
- C. palmata
Carludovica palmatae1 - Outcome
- progressive yellowing of successively younger leaves, affected plants died within a few weekse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Characterized by a progressive yellowing of successively younger leaves, affected plants died within a few weeks after the onset of this primary symptom.”
e1“A lethal decline of C. palmata plants was first recognized”
Claim · model-written summary
Annual losses around Kalkini were estimated at 10% of the naturalized C. palmata population.
- Taxon
- C. palmataCarludovica palmatae0
- Outcome
- Annual lossese0
- Value
- 10%e0
- Setting
- vicinity of Kalkinie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Annual losses estimated at 10% of the naturalized C. palmata population have since occurred in the vicinity of Kalkini”
Claim · model-written summary
Symptomatic C. palmata samples were positive with universal phytoplasma PCR primers and negative with LY-specific primers.
- Taxon
- Carludovica palmataCarludovica palmatat0
- Interactor
- phytoplasma
Candidatus Phytoplasmae0pathogen - Outcome
- tested positive by PCR employing universal rRNA primers (P1/P7)e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Samples from symptomatic plants consistently tested positive by PCR employing universal rRNA primers (P1/P7), which amplify a 1.8-kb phytoplasma rDNA product (4), and negative when LY-specific primers LYF1/LYR1 (1) or MMF/MMR (3) were used.”
t0“Palma Jipi (Carludovica palmata, Cyclanthaceae)”
Claim · model-written summary
Symptomless C. palmata plants produced no PCR products with these primers.
- Taxon
- Carludovica palmataCarludovica palmatat0
- Outcome
- No PCR products were evidente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No PCR products were evident when DNAs of symptomless plants were evaluated with these primer combinations.”
t0“Palma Jipi (Carludovica palmata, Cyclanthaceae)”
Claim · model-written summary
RFLP patterns did not differ among phytoplasma isolates from five C. palmata plants.
- Taxon
- C. palmataCarludovica palmatae0
- Interactor
- phytoplasmaCandidatus Phytoplasmae0pathogen
- Outcome
- no differences between phytoplasma isolatese0
- Direction
- no differencese0
- Value
- five C. palmata plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“revealed no differences between phytoplasma isolates associated with five C. palmata plants”
Claim · model-written summary
RFLP patterns differentiated the CPY phytoplasma from LY and other characterized phytoplasmas.
- Taxon
- C. palmataCarludovica palmatae0
- Interactor
- C. palmata yellows (CPY) phytoplasmaCarludovica palmatae0pathogen
- Outcome
- differentiated the C. palmata yellows (CPY) phytoplasmae0
- Comparator
- LY and other known phytoplasmase0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns generated with key enzymes AluI, BamHI, DraI, and HaeIII clearly differentiated the C. palmata yellows (CPY) phytoplasma from LY and other known phytoplasmas”
Claim · model-written summary
CPY and LY phytoplasma 16S rDNA sequences had 99.21% homology.
- Taxon
- Carludovica palmataCarludovica palmatat0
- Interactor
- CPYe0pathogen
- Outcome
- sequence homologye0
- Value
- 99.21%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A sequence homology of 99.21% between 16S rDNA of CPY (1,537 bp; GenBank accession, AF237615) and LY (1,524 bp; accession, U18747)”
t0“Palma Jipi (Carludovica palmata, Cyclanthaceae)”
Claim · model-written summary
Phylogenetic analysis placed CPY and LY strains in the same phytoplasma subclade.
- Taxon
- Carludovica palmataCarludovica palmatat0
- Interactor
- phytoplasmaCandidatus Phytoplasmae0pathogen
- Outcome
- same phytoplasma subcladee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“placed both strains into the same phytoplasma subclade”
t0“Palma Jipi (Carludovica palmata, Cyclanthaceae)”