Abstract
This study showed that several mechanisms of the basal resistance of winter triticale to M icrodochium nivale are cultivar‐dependent and can be induced specifically during plant hardening. Experiments and microscopic observations were conducted on triticale cvs H ewo (able to develop resistance after cold treatment) and M agnat (susceptible to infection despite hardening). In cv. H ewo, cold hardening altered the physical and chemical properties of the leaf surface and prevented both adhesion of M . nivale hyphae to the leaves and direct penetration of the epidermis. Cold‐induced submicron‐ and micron‐scale roughness on the leaf epidermis resulted in superhydrophobicity, restricting fungal adhesion and growth, while the lower permeability and altered chemical composition of the host cell wall protected against tissue digestion by the fungus. The fungal strategy to access the nutrient resources of resistant hosts is the penetration of leaf tissues through stomata, followed by biotrophic intercellular growth of individual hyphae and the formation of haustoria‐like structures within mesophyll cells. In contrast, a destructive necrotrophic fungal lifestyle occurs in susceptible seedlings, despite cold hardening of the plants, with the host epidermis, mesophyll and vascular tissues being digested and becoming disorganized as a result of the low chemical and mechanical stability of the cell wall matrix. This work indicates that specific genetically encoded physical and mechanical properties of the cell wall and leaf tissues that depend on cold hardening are factors that can determine plant resistance against fungal diseases.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Basal resistance mechanisms were cultivar dependent and inducible by hardening.
- Taxon
- winter triticale
×Triticosecalee0 - Interactor
- M icrodochium nivalee0pathogen
- Outcome
- basal resistancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“several mechanisms of the basal resistance of winter triticale to M icrodochium nivale are cultivar‐dependent and can be induced specifically during plant hardening.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold hardening of Hewo altered leaf surface traits and prevented fungal adhesion and epidermal penetration.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Material
- H ewoe0
- Treatment
- cold hardeninge0
- Interactor
- M . nivalee0pathogen
- Outcome
- adhesion of M . nivale hyphae to the leaves and direct penetration of the epidermise0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In cv. H ewo, cold hardening altered the physical and chemical properties of the leaf surface and prevented both adhesion of M . nivale hyphae to the leaves and direct penetration of the epidermis.”
t0“winter triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
Hardening induced leaf roughness and superhydrophobicity restricting fungal adhesion and growth.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Outcome
- fungal adhesion and growthe0
- Qualifier
- superhydrophobicitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cold‐induced submicron‐ and micron‐scale roughness on the leaf epidermis resulted in superhydrophobicity, restricting fungal adhesion and growth”
t0“winter triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower permeability and altered wall composition protected against fungal tissue digestion.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Outcome
- tissue digestion by the funguse0
- Qualifier
- lower permeability and altered chemical composition of the host cell walle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lower permeability and altered chemical composition of the host cell wall protected against tissue digestion by the fungus.”
t0“winter triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
In resistant hosts the fungus penetrated through stomata and formed haustoria-like structures.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Outcome
- penetration of leaf tissues through stomata, followed by biotrophic intercellular growth of individual hyphae and the formation of haustoria‐like structurese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fungal strategy to access the nutrient resources of resistant hosts is the penetration of leaf tissues through stomata, followed by biotrophic intercellular growth of individual hyphae and the formation of haustoria‐like structures within mesophyll cells.”
t0“winter triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
Susceptible seedlings showed destructive necrotrophic infection despite hardening.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Outcome
- destructive necrotrophic fungal lifestylee0
- Qualifier
- despite cold hardeninge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a destructive necrotrophic fungal lifestyle occurs in susceptible seedlings, despite cold hardening of the plants, with the host epidermis, mesophyll and vascular tissues being digested and becoming disorganized”
t0“winter triticale”