Abstract
Copper (Cu)-based fungicidal sprays are widely used on many crops although Cu sprays can be phytotoxic under some conditions. The mechanism of phytotoxicity is poorly understood but must involve toxic levels of Cu penetrating plant tissues. We studied the effect of different adjuvants on the deposition pattern of droplets and penetration of Cu (in Kocide fungicide) through isolated cuticles of ‘Marsh’ grapefruit leaves and ‘Valencia’ orange fruit. The addition of the silicone-based L-77 surfactant to the Kocide suspension markedly increased the spread of the droplets on cuticles and increased the penetration of Cu through fruit and abaxial leaf cuticles, both with stomatal pores, but not through astomatous adaxial leaf cuticles, which had much lower permeability. Urea and petroleum spray oil adjuvants had no effect on surface area of droplets or the penetration of Cu through leaf and fruit cuticles. Spray tank mixes of Cu fungicides with organosilicone surfactants should be avoided because these surfactants can enhance the penetration of Cu into citrus leaves and fruit thereby leading to phytotoxicity.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
The silicone-based L-77 surfactant markedly increased the spread of Kocide droplets on citrus cuticles.
- Treatment
- silicone-based L-77 surfactante0
- Outcome
- spread of the droplets on cuticlese0
- Direction
- markedly increasede0
- Comparator
- Kocide suspensione0
CitrusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cuticles of Citrus Leaves and Fruit”
e0“The addition of the silicone-based L-77 surfactant to the Kocide suspension markedly increased the spread of the droplets on cuticles”
Claim · model-written summary
The L-77 surfactant increased copper penetration through citrus fruit and abaxial leaf cuticles.
- Treatment
- silicone-based L-77 surfactante0
- Outcome
- penetration of Cu through fruit and abaxial leaf cuticlese1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- Kocide suspensione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cuticles of Citrus Leaves and Fruit”
e0“The addition of the silicone-based L-77 surfactant to the Kocide suspension markedly increased the spread of the droplets on cuticles”
e1“increased the penetration of Cu through fruit and abaxial leaf cuticles, both with stomatal pores”
Claim · model-written summary
The L-77 surfactant did not increase copper penetration through astomatous adaxial leaf cuticles.
- Treatment
- silicone-based L-77 surfactante0
- Outcome
- penetration of Cue1
- Direction
- note1
- Qualifier
- through astomatous adaxial leaf cuticlese1
- Comparator
- Kocide suspensione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cuticles of Citrus Leaves and Fruit”
e0“The addition of the silicone-based L-77 surfactant to the Kocide suspension markedly increased the spread of the droplets on cuticles”
e1“increased the penetration of Cu through fruit and abaxial leaf cuticles, both with stomatal pores, but not through astomatous adaxial leaf cuticles, which had much lower permeability”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea had no effect on droplet surface area or copper penetration through citrus leaf and fruit cuticles.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cuticles of Citrus Leaves and Fruit”
e3“Urea and petroleum spray oil adjuvants had no effect on surface area of droplets or the penetration of Cu through leaf and fruit cuticles”
Claim · model-written summary
Petroleum spray oil adjuvant had no effect on droplet surface area or copper penetration through citrus leaf and fruit cuticles.
- Treatment
- petroleum spray oile3
- Outcome
- surface area of droplets or the penetration of Cue3
- Direction
- no effecte3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cuticles of Citrus Leaves and Fruit”
e3“Urea and petroleum spray oil adjuvants had no effect on surface area of droplets or the penetration of Cu through leaf and fruit cuticles”
Claim · model-written summary
Spray tank mixes of copper fungicides with organosilicone surfactants should be avoided on citrus.
- Treatment
- organosilicone surfactantse4
- Outcome
- Spray tank mixes of Cu fungicides with organosilicone surfactantse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cuticles of Citrus Leaves and Fruit”
e4“Spray tank mixes of Cu fungicides with organosilicone surfactants should be avoided because these surfactants can enhance the penetration of Cu into citrus leaves and fruit thereby leading to phytotoxicity”
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See all 18 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.