Abstract
Summary In experiments on winter barley in 1975–6 and 1977–8 early or late sowing, full or half seed rate, nitrogen applied in March or April and tridemorph spray applied in autumn, early spring and late spring were assessed factorially in all combinations for their effects on mildew development, crop growth and grain yield. Date of sowing had the biggest effect on yield. Early-sown crops (24 September 1975, 6 October 1977) greatly out-yielded the late-sown; by 79·8% in the first year and 53·9% in the second. Late sowing (6 November 1975, 2 November 1977) approximately halved plant emergence. Although late-sown plants developed more tillers, more grains per ear and larger grain this failed to compensate for the thinner stand. Sowing at half seed rate did not decrease yield when compared with the crop sown at the full seed rate on the same date. In contemporaneous crops extra tillering and larger ears generally compensated for fewer plants. The effect of date of applying N was variable. April N gave the best yield in the early· and late-sown crops in 1975–6 and in the late-sown crop in 1977–8. However, in the early-sown crop in the second year March N was best. Number of ears was increased in early-sown crops by March N but date of N application had no influence on number of ears in late-sown crops or on the number of grains per ear in any crop. The winter of 1975–6 was mild and mildew developed on both early· and late-sown crops throughout their growth. Single tridemorph sprays applied in autumn (14 November) to the early-sown crop or winter (25 February) to the late-sown crop or early spring (9 April) to both crops gave significant yield increases of 6·3–7·6%. Applying two sprays, one in autumn or winter plus one in early spring gave an increase equal to the sum of each applied separately. A late spring spray (14 May) had no significant effect on yield. The 1977–8 winter was colder and although mildew was moderate on the early-sown crop in autumn it was almost absent from this experiment after winter. Spraying failed to increase yield significantly.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Early sowing increased winter barley yield by 79·8% in the first year.
- Taxon
- winter barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaret0 - Treatment
- Early-sown cropse0
- Outcome
- out-yieldede0
- Direction
- out-yieldede0
- Value
- 79·8%e0
- Comparator
- late-sowne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Early-sown crops (24 September 1975, 6 October 1977) greatly out-yielded the late-sown; by 79·8% in the first year and 53·9% in the second”
t0“winter barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Early sowing increased winter barley yield by 53·9% in the second year.
- Taxon
- winter barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Early-sown cropse0
- Outcome
- out-yieldede0
- Direction
- out-yieldede0
- Value
- 53·9%e0
- Comparator
- late-sowne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Early-sown crops (24 September 1975, 6 October 1977) greatly out-yielded the late-sown; by 79·8% in the first year and 53·9% in the second”
t0“winter barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Late sowing approximately halved plant emergence.
- Taxon
- winter barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Late sowinge0
- Outcome
- plant emergencee0
- Direction
- halvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Late sowing (6 November 1975, 2 November 1977) approximately halved plant emergence”
t0“winter barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Late-sown plants had more tillers, more grains per ear and larger grain, but these did not compensate for thinner stands.
- Taxon
- winter barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- more tillers, more grains per ear and larger graine0
- Direction
- moree0
- Qualifier
- failed to compensate for the thinner stande0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“late-sown plants developed more tillers, more grains per ear and larger grain this failed to compensate for the thinner stand”
t0“winter barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Half seed rate did not reduce yield compared with full seed rate.
- Taxon
- winter barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- half seed ratee0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- did not decreasee0
- Comparator
- full seed ratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sowing at half seed rate did not decrease yield when compared with the crop sown at the full seed rate on the same date”
t0“winter barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Extra tillering and larger ears generally compensated for fewer plants in contemporaneous crops.
- Taxon
- winter barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- extra tillering and larger earse0
- Qualifier
- generally compensated for fewer plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In contemporaneous crops extra tillering and larger ears generally compensated for fewer plants”
t0“winter barley”
Claim · model-written summary
April nitrogen gave the best yield in early and late crops in 1975–6 and late crops in 1977–8.
- Taxon
- winter barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- April Ne0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- beste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“April N gave the best yield in the early· and late-sown crops in 1975–6 and in the late-sown crop in 1977–8”
t0“winter barley”
Claim · model-written summary
March nitrogen gave the best yield in early-sown crops in the second year.
- Taxon
- winter barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- March Ne0
- Outcome
- beste0
- Direction
- beste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the early-sown crop in the second year March N was best”
t0“winter barley”
Claim · model-written summary
March nitrogen increased ear number in early-sown crops.
- Taxon
- winter barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- March Ne0
- Outcome
- Number of earse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Number of ears was increased in early-sown crops by March N”
t0“winter barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen application date did not influence ear number in late-sown crops or grains per ear in any crop.
- Taxon
- winter barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- date of N applicatione0
- Outcome
- number of ears in late-sown crops or on the number of grains per ear in any crope0
- Direction
- no influencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“date of N application had no influence on number of ears in late-sown crops or on the number of grains per ear in any crop”
t0“winter barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Mildew developed on early and late crops throughout the mild 1975–6 winter.
- Taxon
- winter barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Interactor
- mildewe0pathogen
- Outcome
- mildew developede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The winter of 1975–6 was mild and mildew developed on both early· and late-sown crops throughout their growth”
t0“winter barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Single autumn, winter or early spring tridemorph sprays increased yield by 6·3–7·6%.
- Taxon
- winter barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Single tridemorph sprayse0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 6·3–7·6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Single tridemorph sprays applied in autumn (14 November) to the early-sown crop or winter (25 February) to the late-sown crop or early spring (9 April) to both crops gave significant yield increases of 6·3–7·6%”
t0“winter barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Two sprays had an additive yield increase.
- Taxon
- winter barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- two sprayse0
- Outcome
- increasee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- each applied separatelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Applying two sprays, one in autumn or winter plus one in early spring gave an increase equal to the sum of each applied separately”
t0“winter barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Late spring spray had no significant effect on yield.
- Taxon
- winter barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- late spring spraye0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- no significant effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A late spring spray (14 May) had no significant effect on yield”
t0“winter barley”
Claim · model-written summary
After the colder 1977–8 winter, mildew was almost absent and spraying failed to significantly increase yield.
- Taxon
- winter barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Sprayinge0
- Interactor
- mildewe0pathogen
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- failed to increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 1977–8 winter was colder and although mildew was moderate on the early-sown crop in autumn it was almost absent from this experiment after winter. Spraying failed to increase yield significantly”
t0“winter barley”
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