Abstract
Abstract A combination of appropriate crop rotation(s) and management interventions has the potential to transform saline‐sodic soil and water resources from an environmental burden into an economic asset. We carried out 2‐year field studies in the Indus Basin of Pakistan to evaluate different irrigation and soil management options of using saline‐sodic waters (SSW) and soils for reclamation and for growing salt‐tolerant cultivars of rice (SSRI‐8) and wheat (SIS‐32). These soils have variable levels of salinity and sodicity (EC e 9–44 dS m −1 and SAR 83–319). The treatments on both the sites were the same and consisted of: (1) Irrigation with SSW, (2) Irrigation with freshwater (FW), (3) Soil application of gypsum at 100 % gypsum requirement of soil + SSW (G + SSW), (4) G + one irrigation with SSW and one with FW (G + 1SSW + 1FW), (5) G + two irrigations with SSW and one with FW (G + 2SSW + 1FW), (6) Farm manure at 25 Mg ha −1 each year before rice + one irrigation with SSW and one with FW (FM + 1SSW + 1FW) and (7) FM + two irrigations with SSW and one with FW (FM + 2SSW + 1FW). Rice was grown as the first crop. After harvesting final wheat crop (fourth in sequence), maximum decrease in bulk density and increase in infiltration rate was observed with G + 1SSW + 1FW while FM + 1SSW + 1FW treatment showed higher decrease in pH s and EC e . Significantly the highest decrease in SAR occurred at both sites with G + 1SSW + 1FW. Maximum yields of rice and wheat were generally observed with G + 1SSW + 1FW. The crop yield and economic benefits with treatments showed a positive correlation with that of improvement in soil physical and chemical properties. Overall, the greatest net benefit was obtained from G + 1SSW + 1FW treatment. We also found that the farmers’ management skills were crucial in the overall success in improving crop yields during reclamation of saline‐sodic soils. Based on the results of this study, we propose that SSW could be used to reclaim saline‐sodic soils by using a rice–wheat rotation and a site‐specific combination of soil amendments and water application strategies.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
G + 1SSW + 1FW gave the maximum bulk density decrease.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- G + 1SSW + 1FWe0
- Outcome
- bulk densitye0
- Direction
- maximum decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice–Wheat Cropping System”
e0“maximum decrease in bulk density and increase in infiltration rate was observed with G + 1SSW + 1FW”
Claim · model-written summary
G + 1SSW + 1FW gave the maximum infiltration rate increase.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- G + 1SSW + 1FWe0
- Outcome
- infiltration ratee0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice–Wheat Cropping System”
e0“maximum decrease in bulk density and increase in infiltration rate was observed with G + 1SSW + 1FW”
Claim · model-written summary
FM + 1SSW + 1FW gave a higher pH decrease.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- FM + 1SSW + 1FWe0
- Outcome
- pH se0
- Direction
- higher decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice–Wheat Cropping System”
e0“FM + 1SSW + 1FW treatment showed higher decrease in pH s and EC e”
Claim · model-written summary
FM + 1SSW + 1FW gave a higher EC decrease.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- FM + 1SSW + 1FWe0
- Outcome
- EC ee0
- Direction
- higher decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice–Wheat Cropping System”
e0“FM + 1SSW + 1FW treatment showed higher decrease in pH s and EC e”
Claim · model-written summary
G + 1SSW + 1FW gave the largest SAR decrease at both sites.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- G + 1SSW + 1FWe0
- Outcome
- SARe0
- Direction
- highest decreasee0
- Qualifier
- both sitese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice–Wheat Cropping System”
e0“highest decrease in SAR occurred at both sites with G + 1SSW + 1FW”
Claim · model-written summary
G + 1SSW + 1FW generally gave maximum rice yields.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- G + 1SSW + 1FWe0
- Outcome
- yields of ricee0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Qualifier
- generallye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice–Wheat Cropping System”
e0“Maximum yields of rice and wheat were generally observed with G + 1SSW + 1FW”
Claim · model-written summary
G + 1SSW + 1FW generally gave maximum wheat yields.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- G + 1SSW + 1FWe0
- Outcome
- yields of rice and wheate0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Qualifier
- generallye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice–Wheat Cropping System”
e0“Maximum yields of rice and wheat were generally observed with G + 1SSW + 1FW”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop yield and economic benefits correlated positively with soil improvement.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- treatmentse0
- Outcome
- crop yield and economic benefitse0
- Direction
- positive correlatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice–Wheat Cropping System”
e0“The crop yield and economic benefits with treatments showed a positive correlation with that of improvement in soil physical and chemical properties.”
Claim · model-written summary
G + 1SSW + 1FW gave the greatest net benefit.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- G + 1SSW + 1FWe0
- Outcome
- net benefite0
- Direction
- greateste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice–Wheat Cropping System”
e0“the greatest net benefit was obtained from G + 1SSW + 1FW treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Farmers management skills were crucial for crop yield improvement.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- improving crop yieldse0
- Direction
- improvinge0
- Qualifier
- farmers’ management skillse0
- Setting
- saline‐sodic soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice–Wheat Cropping System”
e0“farmers’ management skills were crucial in the overall success in improving crop yields during reclamation of saline‐sodic soils.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose saline sodic water in a rice wheat rotation with site specific management.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- SSW could be used to reclaim saline‐sodic soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice–Wheat Cropping System”
e0“we propose that SSW could be used to reclaim saline‐sodic soils by using a rice–wheat rotation and a site‐specific combination of soil amendments and water application strategies.”